Exploration and Colonization REASONS FOR EXPLORATION Spain Interested

Exploration and Colonization

REASONS FOR EXPLORATION Spain • Interested in North America (specifically, the SE) for the three G’s: God, Gold, and Glory • Convert natives to Christianity • Make money for the king • called conquistadors • colonies: not self-sustaining France • Interested in developing a serious fur trade with natives • Louisiana, Ohio Valley, Canada • Built forts, not colonies • Had a mostly positive, cooperative relationship with natives Great Britain • Wanted permanent colonies to support mercantilism (when a country wants more exports than imports) • Wanted raw materials from colonies that would be shipped back for manufacturing • Also wanted religious freedom and a “new life”

Colonization Map

Colonization Map

Hernando De Soto • First explored southeastern area in 1540 • On a quest for God, Gold, and Glory • Resulted in murder and starvation of many Mississippians

Hernando De Soto • American Indians provided false information & De Soto did not find his gold • Responsible for… • Introducing pigs to North America • Spreading diseases like smallpox*, measles, and influenza • Journals documenting his journey

Hernando De Soto • The Mississippians were entirely wiped out from De Soto and his men. • Later, Cherokee and Creek moved into the Georgia area

Hernando De Soto “On Wednesday…[de Soto] entered Pacaha, and took quarters in the town where the cacique was accustomed to reside. It was enclosed and very large. In the towers and the palisade were many loopholes. There was much dry maize, and the new [maize] was in great quantity, throughout the fields. At the distance…were large towns, all of them surrounded with stockades. Where the Governor stayed was a great lake, near to the enclosure, and the water entered a ditch that well-nigh went around the town. From the River Grande to the lake was a canal, through which the fish came into it, where the Chief kept them for his eating. ”

Hernando De Soto “As it became known that he [de Soto] had reached there [Tula], the inhabitants were summoned; and as they gathered by fifteen and twenty at a time, they would come to attack the Christians. Finding that they were sharply handled, and that in running the horses would overtake them, they got upon the housetops, where they defended themselves with their bows and arrows. When beaten off from one roof, they would get up on to another; and the Christians while going after some, others would attack them from an opposite direction. The struggle lasted so long that the horses, becoming tired, could not be made to run. One horse was killed and others were wounded. Of the Indians fifteen were slain, and forty women and boys made prisoners; for to no one who could draw a bow and could be reached was his life spared him. ”

Hernando De Soto Causes Effects

Spanish Missions • Spain’s most successful attempt at colonization is called the “Mission Period” which occurred between 1568 -1684. • Missions: Churches and their surrounding property established to convert natives to Christianity

Spanish Missions • Spain built several missions on the barrier islands and main land, some near the Okefenokee Swamp • Missions encouraged natives to embrace Spanish political and economic systems

Spanish Missions • Unmarried male natives were required to work at the missions for months out of the year, creating a lot of change in native ways of life • Spanish missions also brought disease and death to native populations

Spanish Missions • By 1600, the mission system was crumbling • Dying native population • Pressure from the British from the north • Raids from other native tribes, encouraged by the British • Spain abandoned its missions in the barrier islands and moved further south into Florida

Spanish Missions Causes Effects

De Soto Writing Assignment • “At noon they came to the first town of Casqui; they found the Indians careless, because they had no knowledge of the [the Spanish]. There were many men and women taken, and store of goods, as mantles and skins, as well in the first town, as in another, which stood in a field half a league from thence in sight of it…. The Governor traveled two days thought the country of Casqui, before he came to the town where the cacique [leader] was; and the most of the way was open country, which was full of great towns, so that from one town, you might see two or three. He sent an Indian to certify the cacique that he was coming to the place where he was, with intent to procure his friendship, and to hold him as his brother. ”

De Soto Writing Assignment • According to this passage, Hernando de Soto appears to be both a friend an enemy of the American Indian People. Cite evidence from the passage that shows why he might be considered an enemy and evidence that shows why he might be considered a friend. Based on this evidence, do you think the passage shows Hernando de Soto as amore of a friend or as more of an enemy to the American Indian people? • ADD PRIOR KNOWLEDGE from class notes

What is a colony? A colony is an area (usually distant) under political control of another country. Example: the first “thirteen colonies” were located in American, but they were controlled by Great Britain.

Georgia Colony This week we’re going to learn about Georgia as a colony. A colony is an area (usually distant) under political control of another country. With a partner, discuss plans and items you would need to start your own colony in the “New World. ” Write down a list.

Charter of 1732 • The Charter of 1732 outlined the reasons for settling the Georgia colony • Philanthropy, defense, and economics • Founder: James Oglethorpe DEFENSE PHILANTHROP Y Charter of 1732 ECONOMICS

Reasons for GA Colony PHILANTHROPY (the desire to promote the welfare of others) • Oglethorpe wanted to help English citizens in debtors’ prison, but that didn’t pan out. • “Craftsmen” willing to work were granted 50 acres of land, one year’s supply of food, free seed, and agricultural supplies for a year

Reasons for GA Colony DEFENSE • Most important reason! • defense against the Spanish • Georgia was a military “buffer” between England’s South Carolina colony and Spain’s Florida colony • Oglethorpe brought in a group called “Highland Scots” to help defend English forts • War of Jenkins Ear (and Battle of Bloody Marsh) fought between the Spanish and British • No one really won…both sides agreed to stay in their own territory

Reasons for GA Colony CS ECONOMI • Mercantilism: when a country desires to export more than they import • Georgia would produce crops that could not be grown in England • Rice, indigo, wine, and silk*** • All colonists had to set aside land to grow only mulberry trees, which were home to silk worms • None of these crops were very successful

Rules & Restrictions • The colony was run by a group of twenty “Trustees, ” which included Oglethorpe • To ensure no bias, trustees could not receive a salary, could not own land, or hold a political office in the colony

Rules & Restrictions • Because the colony was mean to support the “worthy poor, ” • Rum was banned to avoid laziness • Slavery was banned to avoid large plantations (in SC there was a struggle between large and small farmers) • Catholics and liquor dealers banned from colony • Colonists must help defend against attacks • Colonists must grow mulberry trees • Land could not be sold, but must instead be passed on

Georgia’s First Colony • Where would be the best place for Georgia’s first colony? • Why?

City of Savannah Foldable Instructions Tomochichi James Oglethorpe Friendship & Savannah Mary Musgrove

Georgia’s “Diverse” Colonists • Today you will receive an article about Georgia’s diverse colonists. • Your group’s job is to become an expert on ONE group of colonists (that I assigned to you). • Be sure that I have spoken to your group to ensure you found the most important information • Then, you will regroup and teach other the important information about your group & fill in your V. I. P. graphic organizer.

Malcontents • Not all colonists were pleased with the Charter of 1732 and the Trustees • Due to small profits from failing crops (mulberry trees & wine) and protests from the Malcontents, the Trustee period of Georgia came to an end in 1751. • Malcontents • Disliked the bans on rum and slavery • Thought restrictions stifled their economic opportunity

Trustee Georgia becomes Royal Georgia • In the mid 1700 s, Georgia becomes a royal colony, ruled by royal governors • Based on the Malcontents’ complaints, what can you predict about the changes that will be made to the Georgia colony?

Land Ownership • More relaxed • More land was purchased as slavery created a need for more land • Women were allowed to own land • Georgia’s population grew due to land taken from the Spanish and natives • Slavery practices attracted new settlers

Slavery • Georgian’s wanted slavery so that they could successfully compete with other colonies • Slavery boosted Georgia’s economy, and agricultural production began to explode, especially on rice plantations.

Alcohol • During the Trustee Period, South Carolina smuggled alcohol into Georgia • After the Trustee period, alcohol was legal in the royal colony.

Royal Governors • Governance of the colony was returned to the king, who placed loyal royal governors in charge • John Reynolds • Created a bi-cameral General Assembly • Organized militias • Henry Ellis • Established friendships with natives • James Wright • Expanded the colony westward • Stayed loyal to GB during the Revolutionary period

Compare & Contrast TRUSTEE GEORGIA ROYAL GEORGIA

Unit 3: Exploration and Colonization Flow Chart Mississippians 800 -mid 1500 s Charter of 1732 establishes an English Georgia colony 1733 – Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and James Oglethorpe establish city of Savannah European Exploration Spanish leave and move south into Florida Trustee Georgia 1732 -1751 Hernando De Soto encounters the Mississippians Spanish settle in the barrier islands and establish missions (mid 1500 s- mid 1600 s) Malcontents complain about the trustees. Trustee “experiment” fails Mississippians are wiped out from disease and warfare Creek and Cherokee tribes move into the Georgia area Royal Georgia 1751 -1776