Exploration Colonization Motives for European Exploration n Desire

Exploration & Colonization

Motives for European Exploration n Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries q q n Gain lands suitable for growing cash crops q q n Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods Avoid dealing with Muslim merchants Portugal had poor quality soil Started by colonizing the Azores, the Madeiras, & the Canaries Spread Christianity

Technology of Exploration n From China q q n From Islam q q n Stern Rudder Magnetic Compass Lateen Sail the Astrolabe Caravels

Notable Explorers n Portugal q q q n Spain q q n Prince Henry the Navigator Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan England q Captain James Cook

Major Expeditions

Spanish Empire

Conquest of New Spain n Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521 q n Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533 q n Fewer than 200 Spanish soldiers Why? q n 600 Spanish soldiers God, gold, and glory How? q Guns, germs, and steel

Impact of Smallpox on the New World

Economy of New Spain n Agriculture q q n Haciendas Plantations Mining q q q Silver the “Heart of the Empire” Gold Used coercive labor n Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita • Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain • At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue • Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

Government of New Spain n New Spain controlled by bureaucracy q q q Council of Indies Two Viceroyalties (Mexico City & Lima) Ten Audiencias n q n Make and enforce Spanish law Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, and assigned work required of Indian communities Treaty of Tordesillas q Divided the world between Spain & Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish Culture n Catholic Church dominates q Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits, et al n q q n Bartolomé de Las Casas Constructed baroque cathedrals Religious schools and universities Poetry q Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651 -1695) Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between 1573 -1813

Sociedad de Castas Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves

Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Colonization in Asia n Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade markets q n Conquered “choke points” q n Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute Ormuz, Goa, Malacca, & other areas Control did not last long q q q Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large Not enough people Dutch and English rivals

Portuguese Brazil n Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land to colonize and develop q Feudalism meets commercial agriculture n n n Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 Government established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor q q n Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal Brazil never had university or printing presses Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

Portuguese Brazil n Brazil dominated world sugar production in the 17 th century q q 150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630 By 1700, 150, 000 slaves worked on plantations n q 50% of population were slaves Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18 th century n n Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined

Sugar Plantations in the Americas

Brazil’s Age of Gold n Gold discovered inland in 1695 q q Started a massive gold rush Mine gold using slaves n q n 150, 000 slaves by 1775 Export 3 tons of gold a year from 1735 -1760 Impact of gold q q q Ranching and farming were expanded Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony No native industries were developed in Portugal

Colonization of North America n Backwater Colonies q North America was of moderate interest to Europe n n n Dutch were more interested in their East Indies colonies British and French valued their West Indies holdings Population of British & French North America was far smaller than New Spain France surrendered New France to the British after their defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756 -1763)

British North America n n Salutary Neglect Very few profitable resources q q n Follows Western European forms q q n Fur and timber Southern cotton & tobacco plantations Rise of manufacturing and merchant activity Interest in the Enlightenment Slaves brought in to work on southern plantations q By 1700, slaves make up 23% of the population

Colonization of North America n Copy European social structure q q Nuclear families Marry younger than in Europe n q More child centered n n Property more readily available Families average 6 children Low mortality rate q Average life expectancy was 70 years of age

Dutch Empire

Dutch Colonization

Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia th n Take Portuguese strongholds in 17 century q n Monopolize certain spices q n Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc. Shipping proved most profitable q n Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc. Shipped products between China, Japan, Indonesia, India, etc. Colonized Java q Treaty of Gijanti in 1757