Exploration Colonization and Conquest Portugal Portuguese Exploration Portugal

Exploration, Colonization and Conquest

Portugal

Portuguese Exploration • Portugal was a leader in an attempt to find a faster trade route to Asia. • Remember, Prince Henry created the navigation school and taught that there was a water route to India around Africa. • Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama were responsible for finding this trade route.

Portuguese Colonization • Colonization = land settled by the home country. • If the land climate were suitable, nations created large farming estates called plantations. • These plantations required slave labor to turn profits. • Sugarcane was the earliest crop brought by Europeans for plantations in the New World. • Brazil is the major nation today that was colonized by Portugal.

Portuguese Conquest • Most of the Portuguese conquest took place in Asia as they attempted to control trade routes to the “Spice Islands. ” • Within a hundred years Portugal was basically conquered by Spain and their importance soon faded.

Treaty of Tordesillas • Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement set by Pope Alexander VI between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered by Christopher Columbus and other late 15 thcentury voyagers.

Spain

Spanish Exploration • With Portugal already headed south to Asia, Spain decided to take a risk and head west. • Columbus calculated that it would take him a month to reach Asia. • After two months he landed in the Bahamas but thought he was in Asia.

Spanish Exploration • Columbus’ courage and charting of the ocean winds/currents leads to many others sailing west for Spain such as Amerigo Vespucci, Vasco Balboa, and Ferdinand Magellan.

Columbus’ Route http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jplrfyd. Om. Qo&list=PLA 66 A 286 B 5030 FB 47

Magellan’s Route http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-VMj 0 d_h. NW 0&list=PLA 66 A 286 B 5030 FB 47 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p. M-ig. Yjn 6 E 4

Spanish Colonization • Spain colonized most of central and South America looking for gold. • However, they too established plantations to harvest crops which were labor intensive and thus needed slaves. • For example, sugarcane. • Most of the Americas speak Spanish today because of this colonization.

Spanish Colonization • Founded in 1565, St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest settlement in the U. S. • Why were settlements like St. Augustine built near the coast?

Spanish Conquest • The Conquistadors are Spanish sailors who came to conquer, steal, and destroy Native American civilizations in order to get rich with gold (mercantilism). • Hernan Cortez destroys the Aztec Empire of Mexico.

Spanish Conquest • Francisco Pizarro destroys the Incas of Peru. • They were able to destroy these civilizations due to the disease they carried over as much as the guns and horses that they brought.

Review… 1. Explain Portugal’s exploration plan and tell what new world area they eventually colonized. 2. What was the important early new world plantation crops brought to the Americas by the Portuguese and what type of labor was needed in order to make a large profit? 3. Explain Spain’s exploration plan with Columbus and then tell what actually happened. 4. Give both examples of the Spanish conquistadors, whom they conquered, and why. 5. Compare and contrast Portugal’s colonization and Spain’s.

England

England vs. Spain (for world domination) • Spain decided to attack England b/c English sailors were raiding Spanish ships for gold in the New World. • Queen Elizabeth wins a huge battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 which allows for the English to colonize North America. • This was the turning point of Spanish dominance in the New World.

English Exploration • Their late arrival in the New World forced England into exploring mainly North America. • One of the goals of exploration was the discovery of the Northwest Passage. • This was the water passage that Europeans hoped existed across the new world to Asia. • It only exists through frozen waters to the north.

English Colonization • The English, having been left out of the gold trade that Spain secured, looked to settle areas of North America in order to farm the natural resources. • They were viewed as invaders by many natives because what they needed the most was the native’s land!

English Colonization • North American settlements: • Roanoke (NC) 1580 • It failed when the people died and disappeared. • Jamestown (VA) 1607 • First permanent English settlement in the New World. • Plymouth (MA) 1620 • Puritans (Pilgrims) arrive for religious freedom. • http: //cosmiclog. nbcnews. com/_news/2013/05/01/ 18002011 -csi-jamestown-anthropologists-lay-outevidence-of-colonialcannibalism? lite&ocid=msnhp&pos=2

English Conquest • English conquest was perhaps less obvious then the Spanish conquistadors, but it still had the same effect. • As England took over more land for natural resources and farming the natives needed removed. • 90 -95% will end up dead in the first 100 years.

The Netherlands

Dutch Exploration • Amsterdam, Netherlands, located on the North Sea, was a commercial center of northern Europe. • Dutch explorers were also looking for better trade routes to Asia.

Dutch Colonization • The Dutch were very business minded and their colonies were created to help control trade routes primarily. • In the New World they bought Manhattan Island off the natives and named it New Amsterdam.

Dutch Conquest • There was no real effort at conquest by the Dutch. • They took over no giant areas of the New World. • They did not try to convert natives to Christianity or the Dutch culture. • They came as business men and their dealings with natives reflected this.

France

French Exploration • Like the English, the French were late to explore. • Like the English, the French explored primarily in North America. • Like the English, the French were looking for the Northwest Passage.

French Colonization • Like the Dutch, the French were less invading then the English/British. • Like the Dutch, they were businessmen who worked with the natives in order to get rich. • Their plan for wealth was the furs of the New World and they needed the natives help for this. • They even adopted many of the natives’ ways of life.

French Conquest • Though the French claimed a large amount of land they had few settlements and thus took less land than the English. • They became friendly with the natives, trading with them and learning the water routes of the New World in their attempt to control the fur trade.

Review… 1. Explain why the Spanish Armada attacked England the consequences of England’s victory. 2. List the order of the English settlements. 3. What route were English and French explorers looking for in North America? Why? 4. What was the purpose of coastal settlements? 5. Where did the Dutch colonize in the New World and which of the big 3 (Spain, England, France) were they most like and why? 6. Compare how Spain, France and England colonized the new world.