Report on Nuclear Physics Activities in Canada Jens

Report on Nuclear Physics Activities in Canada Jens Dilling Canadian Institute of Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee (Nu. PECC), October, 2014.

CINP’s Mission 2 preparing the research plans of the Canadian Nuclear Physics research community for presentation to bodies such as the NSERC Subatomic Physics Long Range Planning Committee and Subatomic Physics Evaluation Section. representing the interests of the Canadian Nuclear Physics community to relevant bodies, in Canada and abroad. providing a forum for the advancement of the interests of students and alumni of higher education programs in Nuclear Physics in Canada. organizing workshops or other initiatives of interest to the Canadian Nuclear Physics community. facilitating Canadian participation in new Nuclear Physics initiatives in Canada and abroad.

CINP Governance Structure Board of Directors Institutional Members Mc. Gill University Mount Allison University Saint Mary’s University TRIUMF University of Guelph University of Manitoba University of Regina University of Winnipeg Jens Dilling President Pay Annual Dues and Elect Board Jean Barrette Paul Garrett Gerald Gwinner Rituparna Kanungo Jeff Martin Executive Director Garth Huber 3

CINP Scientific Working Groups (SWGs) SWGs are intended to facilitate collaboration among researchers with common interests, and to enhance the profile of a specific research area within Canada. • Individual Members are eligible to apply for membership in one or more SWGs. • SWG activities include: • holding topical workshops or other initiatives. • input to CINP external scientific briefs. • encouraging new collaborative efforts. 4 SWG Chair Institution Nuclear Structure Adam Garnsworthy TRIUMF Nuclear Astrophysics Iris Dillmann TRIUMF Fundamental Symmetries Gerald Gwinner University of Manitoba Hadron Structure/QCD Charles Gale Mc. Gill University Nuclear Physics Education and Training Juliette Mammei University of Manitoba The intent is for the scientific activities of the CINP to be ambitious and broad-based.

Canadian Subatomic Physics Range Plan § In Canada, Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics, Particle Astrophysics, and Underground Particle Physics are funded from a common “Subatomic Physics Envelope”. § Under NSERC’s aegis, the Canadian Subatomic Physics community establishes its scientific priorities through five-year Long Range Plans. § The CINP co-ordinates the Nuclear Physics community input to this plan. § A blue-ribbon committee reviews the community’s input and formulates the Long Range Plan. The CINP Executive Director is a non-voting observer. § The most recent Long Range Plan covers the period 2011 -2016. § Planning for 2016 -2021 LRP to begin in 2015. 6 Long

Canadian Subatomic Physics LRP 2011 -16: Budgetary Context and Priorities § Current NSERC Subatomic Physics Envelope: C$22. 7 M § Low and Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics experiment operating funds about C$4. 5 M/year. § Complementary to funding of Canada’s national laboratories. § Complemented by Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) beyond R&D, for the final purchase of major capital equipment. § LPR recommendations regarding NSERC Envelope: § Ensure R&D activity directed at the next generation of discovery projects through effective funding of equipment (e. g. CFI). § Ensure continuous research support of flagship projects in which Canada is actively particpating. § Envelope funding has been fixed at C$22. 7 M for many years (no inflationary increases). Fortunately, CFI funds have been available to offset equipment purchases funded in earlier years by Envelope. § Recommend to increase Envelope funding by C$3. 5 M/year. 7

Canadian Subatomic Physics LRP Context § TRIUMF is Canada’s nuclear laboratory for Nuclear and Particle Physics research and related sciences. § TRIUMF establishes five year plans for its scientific priorities and operations. § TRIUMF is an active contributor to Canadian Subatomic Physics LRP § TRIUMF has received (one year early) $M 222 and is asking for an addition for the CAPTURE initiative $M 68 for 2015 -20. 8

Highlights of Canadian Contributions in Nuclear Physics § TRIUMF ISAC-I & II accelerator operational along with major new spectrometers and auxiliary devices. § TRIUMF-ISAC Gamma-Ray Escape-Suppressed Spectrometer (TIGRESS) § TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN). § TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test (TWIST) collaboration recently completed the most precise measurement of the muon decay distribution. § Ultra Cold Neutron (UCN) facility, as a joint effort with Japan, preparing for installation in TRIUMF Meson Hall, with first measurements planned for 2017. § Key measurements of nuclear reactions important in cataclysmic binary systems by TRIUMF’s Detector of Recoils and Gammas Of Nuclear reactions (DRAGON). § Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab has released its initial scientific results following successful data taking with Canadian-funded solenoidal spectrometer. § Active participation in Jefferson Lab 12 Ge. V Upgrade, including hardware contributions to Halls A, C, D. 9

Hadrons/QCD – Big Questions • How do the nucleon’s properties (mass, spin, charge radius, etc. ) arise from its quark and gluon constituents? • Transition from p. QCD to Strong QCD needs data with high precision for a quantitative understanding of confinement. • What is the phase diagram of QCD? • Nuclear collisions are the only way to probe QCD at high temperature/density in the laboratory. Examples of key Canadian initiatives from 2011 -16 LRP: § Search for exotic hybrid mesons (qqg states) with unique quantum numbers (JLab - Hall D/Glue. X). § Determine the structure of the pion at small distance scales to better understand the transition of QCD from short- to long-distance scales (JLab – Hall C/Pion Form Factor Expt). 10

Nuclear Structure - Big Questions • Where are the limits of nuclear existence and can these limits be understood and/or predicted from first principles? • How do the properties of nuclei evolve as a function of the neutron-proton asymmetry and also as a function of proton and neutron number? • What are the mechanisms responsible for the organization of individual nucleons into the collective motions that are observed? Examples of key Canadian initiatives from 2011 -16 LRP: § Precision nuclear mass measurements (ISAC - TITAN). § Studies of nuclear spectroscopy (ISAC - TIGRESS, GRIFFIN, EMMA spectrometers + auxiliary devices). § Laser spectroscopy studies. 11

Nuclear Astrophysics – Big Questions • • • How, when, and where were the chemical elements produced? What role do nuclei play in the liberation of energy in stars and stellar explosions? How are nuclear properties related to astronomical observables such as solar neutrino flux, rays emitted by astrophysical sources, light emitted by novae and X-ray bursts, etc. ? Examples of key Canadian initiatives from 2011 -16 LRP: § Measurements of key nuclear reaction rates and to understand the nature of relevant nuclear resonances (ISAC - DRAGON, TUDA, TACTIC). § Study origin of heavy elements via spontaneous fission of 252 Cf 12 (Argonne - CARIBU facility).

Beyond the Standard Model – Big Questions • • • 13 Studies of fundamental symmetries via very precise low and intermediate-energy experiments have been part of nuclear physics since its inception. Complementary to direct probes by high energy physics since precision lower-energy experiments indirectly probe mass scales and parameter spaces not otherwise accessible. Is there additional CP & T violation beyond that identified in Kaons and B-mesons? What is the structure of the Weak Interaction? Can we find violation of CPT and Lorentz invariance?

Beyond the Standard Model - Answering the Big Questions Examples of key Canadian initiatives from 2011 -16 LRP: § Probe electroweak coupling and its dependence on distance scale in ISAC - Francium Parity Non-Conservation experiment. § Probe CP/T-violation in ISAC - Radon Electric Dipole Moment experiment (new GRIFFIN γ array is commissioned). § CKM unitarity tests in nuclear β–decay (ISAC - TITAN, GRIFFIN). § Constrain weak scalar interactions via β-ν correlations from spinpolarized trapped atoms (ISAC - TRINAT). § Measure the electron weak charge and the running of sin 2θw at intermediate energy in the MOLLER Experiment (JLab - Hall A). § Search for CPT Violation in trapped Antihydrogen (CERN - ALPHA). 14

Canada’s accelerator complex: TRIUMF 40 MV SRF Heavy Ion Linac ISAC-II >10 AMe. V ISAC Highest Power ISOL RIB facility - Nuclear Structure - Nuclear Astrophysics - Fund. Symmetries - CMMS (b. NMR) Advanced Rare Isotope Laboratory (ARIEL) e-LINAC 300 -500 k. W photo-fission driver (2015 -2017) ISAC-I 60 ke. V, 1. 7 AMe. V Cyclotron 500 Me. V 350 m. A 15 Nordion commercial medical isotope production 3 cyclotrons CMMS Centre for Molecular and Material Science (m. SR) Particle Physics Pienu (- 2012) Ultra Cold Neutrons (2015 -)

Canada’s rare isotope facility today: ISAC II: Ø 6 AMe. V for A<150 Ø 16 AMe. V for A<30 Programs in • Nuclear Structure & Dynamics • Nuclear Astrophysics • Electroweak Interaction Studies • Material Science ISAC I: 60 ke. V & 1. 7 AMe. V ISOL facility with highest primary beam intensity (100 m. A, 500 Me. V, p) 16

/ 2 0 1 3 The Future: ARIEL § expand RIB program with: • 3 simultaneous beams • increased number of hours delivered per year • new beam species • enable long beam times (nucl. astro, fund. symm. ) • increased beam development capabilities § New electron linac driver for photo-fission § New proton beamline § New target stations and front end § Finished Phase I § Applied for Phase II 17 Krücken - Saint Mary's Colloquium 17 (~2016 -19)

ARIEL Phase I Civil construction and e. LINAC RIB front end Cyclotron vault Target Hall Electron Hall October 1 st: 22. 9 Me. V @ EABD 18 18

ARIEL: MW-class e-linac up to 1014 fissions/s Photo-fission products using 50 Me. V 10 m. A electrons on to Hg convertor & UCx target. TIMELINE: • 2014 first beam, target R&D • 2017 new front end • 2017 physics production 8 Li • 2018 photo fission • 2020 proton beam (3 beams) 19 100 k. W, 25 Me. V electrons by 2014 500 k. W, 50 Me. V electrons by 2017

rm ra EDM cell ste qu ad s ag ne Tu t rb o & pum TN p IM gas system 2015/16: • kicker • target • moderators • He-II cryostat • UCN guides • UCN polarizer • finish shielding HV feed BP M in the lab sh BP ine M blo & ck er co llim at or UCN/EDM @ TRIUMF EDM downstream beamline section n. EDM HV/EDM cell test stand: • HV feedthrough problems solved • commissioned at 96 k. V 2015 Shutdown bending magnet for proton irradiation facility Installed 2014 20 • • • decommissioning of existing beamline M 13 installation of BL 1 U downstream end preparation for Kicker installation upstream

2013/14 Research Highlights - Proton Weak Charge (Qweak) @ JLab § Very significant contributions by Manitoba/Winnipeg/UNBC/ TRIUMF groups. § Co-spokesperson S. Page and other key collaboration leadership positions. § $3 M total funding from NSERC, and many detector components including magnetic toroid coils. § First results in Phys. Rev. Letters consistent with Standard Model prediction. § Final result will use 25 x more data, yielding uncertainties small enough to seriously constrain possible physics beyond Standard Model. 21

Collinear Fast Beam Spectroscopy @ ISAC § Laser spectroscopy capable of performing laser spectroscopy on heavy elements with sufficient resolution to extract nuclear spins, changes in charge radii and ground state moments. § Voss, et al. , PRL 111, 122501 (2013) § First use of High-Frequency Intensity Modulation of Narrow-Line-width Laser Light and its Application in Determination of 206, 205, 204 Fr Ground-State Properties. § Positively identified two low lying isomers in each of 204 Fr and 206 Fr. § Voss, et al. , J. Phys G 41, 015104 (2014) § New, high resolution variant on beta detected NMR that has allowed the ratio of the 9 Li/11 Li nuclear quadrupole moments to be determined to high precision. 22

Isospin-symmetry breaking in A = 20, 21 multiplets (TITAN) 20 Mg: M(A, T, Tz) = a(A, T) + b(A, T) Tz + c(A, T) Tz 2 45 s deviation from AME 12 & 15 x improved precision 20 Mg+ 14 s deviation & 22 x improved precision • G. S. binding energy 21 Mg: • non-zero d coefficients in all three multiplets Compared to USDA/B & c. EFT NN+3 N predictions • dexp cannot be explained by USDA/B models • uncertainties in c. EFT calculations too large to be definitive 23

TITAN Decay spectroscopy of highly charged ions Charge breeding lengthens storage times without ions losses longer observation times large sample: up to 1 • 108 ions Other advantages: magnetic field eliminates b background & backing-free samples essentially 511 ke. V-free Moderate charge states do not affect lifetimes or EC branching ratios towards 2ν 2β NME tests 0 -2 s 24 124 Cs+ 6 -8 s 12 -14 s 18 -20 s injection

Nuclear Theory Highlights N. Dicaire, C. Omand, P. Navratil Softening of realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions by similarity renormalization group transformations to improve convergence of ab initio calculations. New generators proposed (Gs. A , Gs. B) and tested. These generators induce weaker three- and four-body forces compared to the standard (Trel)) generator. Three-term co-op student project. PRC 90, 034302 (2014) O. J. Hernandez, Chen Ji, S. Bacca et al. Prediction of N=34 magic number from MBPT valence-space Hamiltonians Ab initio calculation of nuclear polarization corrections to the μD Lamb shift , most accurate evaluation so far: δnucl=-1. 24± 1% me. V error obtained by averaging on several potential and studying several orders in chiral EFT 25 J. Holt et al. , PRC 90, 024312 (2014) PLB 736, 334 (2014) Phenomenology: inconsistent predictions NN+3 N: reproduces signature of new N=34 magic number Agreement with new measurements from RIKEN

New Research Capabilities - IRIS begins operation @ ISAC 26

New Research Capabilities - Canadian Detectors @ JLab 12 Ge. V § Hall D Barrel Calorimeter. § $2. 3 M detector funded by USDOE and NSERC. § Designed and constructed in Regina, 5 months ahead of schedule. § BCAL installed in bore of superconducting solenoid in September and cabling completed in December. § Commissioning to begin in February. § Hall C Heavy Gas Cherenkov. § Funded by NSERC. § Designed and constructed by Regina group. § Detector assembly at JLab in August. 27

New Research Capabilities - CANREB@ISAC funded by CFI-NIF § Layout fixed § Reqs specs released § HRS simulation being finalized, magnets design started § RFQ cooler simulations in progress § EBIS being designed and built at MPI Heidelberg § Nier spectrometer simulations completed 28 TITAN RFQ cooler

New Research Capabilities - Anti-Hydrogen Trap ALPHA @ CERN § Very significant Canadian contributions supported by NSERC, TRIUMF and the universities. § Recently completed construction and commissioning of ALPHA -2 trap, a major upgrade to the original ALPHA trap. 29

ALPHA: results Is antihydrogen neutral? Nature Comm. 5, 3955 (2014) MC sensitivity Biasing E field Key: position sensitive detection 30 Result (M. Baquero, Ph. D. UC Berkeley): Q=(− 1. 3± 1. 1± 0. 4) × 10− 8 New limit on e+ charge ALPHA’s first precision result!

Canadian Subatomic Physics LRP 2011 -16: Priorities in Nuclear Physics § Continue and expand full exploitation of TRIUMF’s ISAC-I and ISAC-II facilities, with unique suite of measurement tools, including new spectrometers and devices. § Support key experimental initiatives offshore where Canadians lead. Examples: § Jefferson Lab Halls D, C, A following 12 Ge. V Upgrade. § Canadian Penning Trap at Argonne. § ALPHA at CERN. § Maintain a vibrant and diverse theoretical community pursuing the most actively pursued questions in nuclear physics. 31

Canadian Subatomic Physics LRP 2017 -21: Upcoming Nuclear Physics Projects § Implementation of ARIEL project at TRIUMF, including second ISAC proton beam line and new actinide target stations, has tremendous potential for scientific discovery and advancement of the field. § Movement of the Ultra-Cold Neutron (UCN) source from RCNP to TRIUMF would make it the world’s most intense source of cold neutrons and allow the current limit on the neutron EDM to be improved by a factor of ~3. 32

Closing Comment • Canadian Nuclear Physics research spans a wide range of fundamental scientific questions about the properties of hadrons and nuclei. 33 • The focused experimental and theoretical initiatives at home and abroad of teams of Canadian researchers have made internationally recognized contributions to important questions that span the range of the field. • This work capitalizes on the skills and strengths that have been developed over many years. • Canadian Nuclear Physics is a strong partner in the international science landscape.