Repair Types and positions Types of repair Repair

Repair: Types and positions

Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: – indicating that a repair is needed (repair initiation), and – making the repair (repair). • Each of these can be performed by different participants in the conversation. – Repair initiation can be done by : • the speaker of the repairable (self-initiated repair) • the recipient of the repairable (other-initiated repair) – Repair can be made by • the speaker of the repairable (self repair) • the recipient of the item (other repair)

Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: 1. 2. 3. 4. Self-initiated self repair: in which the speaker of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem; Self-initiated other repair: in which the speaker of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk, but the recipient resolves the problem; Other-initiated self repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk and the speaker resolves the problem; and Other-initiated other repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem.

Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative to the trouble: – within the same turn as the trouble source (same turn repair) – in the transition space following the turn containing the trouble source (transition space repair) – in the turn immediately following the trouble source (second position repair) – in a third positioned turn (third position repair) – in a fourth positioned turn. (fourth position repair)

Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions in which repair can begin: same turn: self-initiation transition space: self-initiation second position: other-initiation third position: self-initiation fourth position: other-initiation

Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition space: self-initiated self repair • Second position: other-initiated self repair

Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth position: other-initiated self repair

Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech such as cut-offs, uh and uhm, pauses or sound stretches. • Cut-offs – Cut-offs are interruptions of the word (or sound) underway. – They works to stop the next due from being articulated. – They are used to initiate repair on some trouble source which has already been produced.

Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses – These occur outside word boundaries and stop the articulation of the next word due in the turn. – They are typically used to repair a next element in the talk.

Same turn repair • Sound stretches – Sound stretches initiate a search for some unavailable item. – They are employed within a word, but serves to initiate repair of some next element.

Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in combination as a repair segment.

Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by the speaker (self-initiated self repair). • It may be repaired by the recipient in a next turn (self-initiated other-repair).

Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from actions of the recipient. – Recycled turn beginnings are closely linked to repairing problems of securing a gazing recipient.

Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. – No explicit repair initiation marker. – A very reduced transition space (e. g. latching). – Devices such as uh and uhm

Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. – Devices such as I mean. – A not X, Y format.

Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for other-initiated repair. • Many of other-initiated repairs are spread over two turns: – They are initiated in second position by the recipient of the trouble (FPP) – They are completed in third position by the speaker of the trouble (SPP).

Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Repair initiators such as huh? or what?

Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Specific question words such as who, where and when.

Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Partial repeats with a question word.

Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – You mean with a possible understanding of the prior trouble.

Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction) has distinctive formats. – Exposed correction: – This structure is: a. A speaker produces some object (X) b. A subsequent speaker produces an alternative (Y) c. The prior speaker produces the alternative (Y) (accepts correction).

Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations, etc. • Other repair may be rejected. – This means there is a variant for the final position in the structure: c’ The prior speaker produces the original (X) (rejects correction)

Second position repair • Embedded correction – The structure of embedded correction is like exposed correction, but correction talk is not the main activity happening. – Other correction related talk does not occur.

Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of a prior turn demonstrated by the recipient’s response to it.

Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair, consisting of: – a repair-initiating component – an agreement/acceptance component – a rejection component – the repair proper

Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: – No. • No may be repeated as no no or no no no. • No may also be found in combination with oh. – Well

Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated as a complaint.

Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn revealed by the recipient’s response. – There a small number of possible formats • I don’t mean X. • I’m not X-ing format, where X names an action which prior speaker has understood the talk to be doing. • Combined formats with the action represented by a proform: that’s not what I mean, I don’t mean that.

Third position repair • I don’t mean X.

Third position repair • I’m not X-ing.

Third position repair • Combined format.

Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – The speaker may repeat the prior turn with some modification.

Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – I mean + repair.

Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – a more specific formulation of the trouble source.

Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – An explanation.

Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – a characterization of the trouble source as serious or non-serious.

Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to repair a problem of understanding evident in the talk produced in the third position. • Fourth position repair consists of two components. – a change of state token oh reflecting – a recharacterization of the trouble source.

The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity space. Turn 1 Turn 2 A: B: Turn 3 A: Turn 4 B: Turn 5 A: Turn 6 B: 2 nd position repair on T 1 2 nd position repair on T 2 2 nd position repair on T 3 2 nd position repair on T 4 2 nd position repair on T 5 3 rd position repair on T 1 3 rd position repair on T 2 3 rd position repair on T 3 3 rd position repair on T 4 4 th position repair on T 1 4 th position repair on T 2 4 th position repair on T 3

The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. • The preference does not affect who initiates repair but who does repair. – Self and other initiation are equally available to deal with problems. – Self repair is preferred and other repair is dispreferred.