Repair Types and positions Types of repair Repair
![Repair: Types and positions Repair: Types and positions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-1.jpg)
![Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: – indicating that a repair Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: – indicating that a repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-2.jpg)
![Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: 1. 2. 3. Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: 1. 2. 3.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-3.jpg)
![Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-4.jpg)
![Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-5.jpg)
![Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-6.jpg)
![Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-7.jpg)
![Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-8.jpg)
![Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses – These occur outside word boundaries Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses – These occur outside word boundaries](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-9.jpg)
![Same turn repair • Sound stretches – Sound stretches initiate a search for some Same turn repair • Sound stretches – Sound stretches initiate a search for some](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-10.jpg)
![Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-11.jpg)
![Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-12.jpg)
![Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-13.jpg)
![Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-14.jpg)
![Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-15.jpg)
![Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-16.jpg)
![Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-17.jpg)
![Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-18.jpg)
![Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-19.jpg)
![Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-20.jpg)
![Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction) has distinctive formats. – Exposed correction: Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction) has distinctive formats. – Exposed correction:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-21.jpg)
![Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations, Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-22.jpg)
![Second position repair • Embedded correction – The structure of embedded correction is like Second position repair • Embedded correction – The structure of embedded correction is like](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-23.jpg)
![Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-24.jpg)
![Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair, Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-25.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: – No. • No Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: – No. • No](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-26.jpg)
![Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-27.jpg)
![Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-28.jpg)
![Third position repair • I don’t mean X. Third position repair • I don’t mean X.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-29.jpg)
![Third position repair • I’m not X-ing. Third position repair • I’m not X-ing.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-30.jpg)
![Third position repair • Combined format. Third position repair • Combined format.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-31.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-32.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-33.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-34.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-35.jpg)
![Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-36.jpg)
![Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-37.jpg)
![The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-38.jpg)
![The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. • The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-39.jpg)
- Slides: 39
![Repair Types and positions Repair: Types and positions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-1.jpg)
Repair: Types and positions
![Types of repair Repair involves two important activities indicating that a repair Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: – indicating that a repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-2.jpg)
Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: – indicating that a repair is needed (repair initiation), and – making the repair (repair). • Each of these can be performed by different participants in the conversation. – Repair initiation can be done by : • the speaker of the repairable (self-initiated repair) • the recipient of the repairable (other-initiated repair) – Repair can be made by • the speaker of the repairable (self repair) • the recipient of the item (other repair)
![Types of repair There are four different types of repair 1 2 3 Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: 1. 2. 3.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-3.jpg)
Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: 1. 2. 3. 4. Self-initiated self repair: in which the speaker of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem; Self-initiated other repair: in which the speaker of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk, but the recipient resolves the problem; Other-initiated self repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk and the speaker resolves the problem; and Other-initiated other repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem.
![Positions for repair Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-4.jpg)
Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative to the trouble: – within the same turn as the trouble source (same turn repair) – in the transition space following the turn containing the trouble source (transition space repair) – in the turn immediately following the trouble source (second position repair) – in a third positioned turn (third position repair) – in a fourth positioned turn. (fourth position repair)
![Repair initiation and positions Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-5.jpg)
Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions in which repair can begin: same turn: self-initiation transition space: self-initiation second position: other-initiation third position: self-initiation fourth position: other-initiation
![Examples of repair types and positions Same turn selfinitiated self repair Transition Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-6.jpg)
Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition space: self-initiated self repair • Second position: other-initiated self repair
![Examples of repair types and positions Third position selfinitiated self repair Fourth Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-7.jpg)
Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth position: other-initiated self repair
![Same turn repair Same turn repair is accomplished by nonlexical perturbations in speech Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-8.jpg)
Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech such as cut-offs, uh and uhm, pauses or sound stretches. • Cut-offs – Cut-offs are interruptions of the word (or sound) underway. – They works to stop the next due from being articulated. – They are used to initiate repair on some trouble source which has already been produced.
![Same turn repair Uh uhm and pauses These occur outside word boundaries Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses – These occur outside word boundaries](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-9.jpg)
Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses – These occur outside word boundaries and stop the articulation of the next word due in the turn. – They are typically used to repair a next element in the talk.
![Same turn repair Sound stretches Sound stretches initiate a search for some Same turn repair • Sound stretches – Sound stretches initiate a search for some](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-10.jpg)
Same turn repair • Sound stretches – Sound stretches initiate a search for some unavailable item. – They are employed within a word, but serves to initiate repair of some next element.
![Same turn repair The various types of repair initiations are often found in Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-11.jpg)
Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in combination as a repair segment.
![Same turn repair Selfinitiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-12.jpg)
Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by the speaker (self-initiated self repair). • It may be repaired by the recipient in a next turn (self-initiated other-repair).
![Same turn repair Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-13.jpg)
Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from actions of the recipient. – Recycled turn beginnings are closely linked to repairing problems of securing a gazing recipient.
![Transition space repair There a number of formats found in initiating transition space Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-14.jpg)
Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. – No explicit repair initiation marker. – A very reduced transition space (e. g. latching). – Devices such as uh and uhm
![Transition space repair There a number of formats found in initiating transition space Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-15.jpg)
Transition space repair • There a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. – Devices such as I mean. – A not X, Y format.
![Second position repair Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-16.jpg)
Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for other-initiated repair. • Many of other-initiated repairs are spread over two turns: – They are initiated in second position by the recipient of the trouble (FPP) – They are completed in third position by the speaker of the trouble (SPP).
![Second position repair Speakers use a range of turnconstructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-17.jpg)
Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Repair initiators such as huh? or what?
![Second position repair Speakers use a range of turnconstructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-18.jpg)
Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Specific question words such as who, where and when.
![Second position repair Speakers use a range of turnconstructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-19.jpg)
Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – Partial repeats with a question word.
![Second position repair Speakers use a range of turnconstructional devices to initiate repair Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-20.jpg)
Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. – You mean with a possible understanding of the prior trouble.
![Second position repair Otherinitiated other repair correction has distinctive formats Exposed correction Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction) has distinctive formats. – Exposed correction:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-21.jpg)
Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction) has distinctive formats. – Exposed correction: – This structure is: a. A speaker produces some object (X) b. A subsequent speaker produces an alternative (Y) c. The prior speaker produces the alternative (Y) (accepts correction).
![Second position repair Correction may be associated with other correctionrelated talk warrants explanations Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-22.jpg)
Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations, etc. • Other repair may be rejected. – This means there is a variant for the final position in the structure: c’ The prior speaker produces the original (X) (rejects correction)
![Second position repair Embedded correction The structure of embedded correction is like Second position repair • Embedded correction – The structure of embedded correction is like](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-23.jpg)
Second position repair • Embedded correction – The structure of embedded correction is like exposed correction, but correction talk is not the main activity happening. – Other correction related talk does not occur.
![Third position repair Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-24.jpg)
Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of a prior turn demonstrated by the recipient’s response to it.
![Third position repair There is a four component format for third position repair Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-25.jpg)
Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair, consisting of: – a repair-initiating component – an agreement/acceptance component – a rejection component – the repair proper
![Third position repair The repairinitiating component has the forms No No Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: – No. • No](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-26.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: – No. • No may be repeated as no no or no no no. • No may also be found in combination with oh. – Well
![Third position repair The agreementacceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-27.jpg)
Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated as a complaint.
![Third position repair The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-28.jpg)
Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn revealed by the recipient’s response. – There a small number of possible formats • I don’t mean X. • I’m not X-ing format, where X names an action which prior speaker has understood the talk to be doing. • Combined formats with the action represented by a proform: that’s not what I mean, I don’t mean that.
![Third position repair I dont mean X Third position repair • I don’t mean X.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-29.jpg)
Third position repair • I don’t mean X.
![Third position repair Im not Xing Third position repair • I’m not X-ing.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-30.jpg)
Third position repair • I’m not X-ing.
![Third position repair Combined format Third position repair • Combined format.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-31.jpg)
Third position repair • Combined format.
![Third position repair The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-32.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – The speaker may repeat the prior turn with some modification.
![Third position repair The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-33.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – I mean + repair.
![Third position repair The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-34.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – a more specific formulation of the trouble source.
![Third position repair The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-35.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – An explanation.
![Third position repair The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-36.jpg)
Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There a small number of common formats: – a characterization of the trouble source as serious or non-serious.
![Fourth position repair Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-37.jpg)
Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to repair a problem of understanding evident in the talk produced in the third position. • Fourth position repair consists of two components. – a change of state token oh reflecting – a recharacterization of the trouble source.
![The multiple repair space The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-38.jpg)
The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity space. Turn 1 Turn 2 A: B: Turn 3 A: Turn 4 B: Turn 5 A: Turn 6 B: 2 nd position repair on T 1 2 nd position repair on T 2 2 nd position repair on T 3 2 nd position repair on T 4 2 nd position repair on T 5 3 rd position repair on T 1 3 rd position repair on T 2 3 rd position repair on T 3 3 rd position repair on T 4 4 th position repair on T 1 4 th position repair on T 2 4 th position repair on T 3
![The preference for selfrepair There is a preference for selfrepair in conversation The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3d8c10bb1a281c40bf9c6710986eec42/image-39.jpg)
The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. • The preference does not affect who initiates repair but who does repair. – Self and other initiation are equally available to deal with problems. – Self repair is preferred and other repair is dispreferred.
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