Pregnancy Loss and Parturition John Parrish Updated 6182021
- Slides: 47
Pregnancy Loss and Parturition John Parrish Updated: 6/18/2021
Distribution of Prenatal Losses • Fertilization 100% » Under optimal conditions • 2/3 loss during embryonic development » Imprinting » Compaction » Blastocyst hatching and formation » Failure to prevent CL regression • Maternal recognition of pregnancy Updated: 6/18/2021
Distribution of Prenatal Losses (cont. ) • 1/3 loss during fetal stage » Crowding » Placental insufficiencies » Not the fetus directly Updated: 6/18/2021
Percentage Embryonic and Fetal Loss in Cattle Interval From Breeding (months) Updated: 6/18/2021
% Survival Number of CLs, Embryos or Fetuses Present Embryonic and Fetal Loss in Pigs Stage of Gestation (days) Updated: 6/18/2021
Increased Prenatal Loss • Nutritional Stress » Energy shortages » Mineral imbalances » Vitamin deficiencies • • • Disease of the reproductive tract Endocrine imbalances Aging of gametes prior to fertilization Updated: 6/18/2021
Viable Embryos at 25 Days of Pregnancy % Oocytes Fertilized Normally Effect of Oocyte Age on Fertilization and Embryo Viability Age of Oocyte at Fertilization Updated: 6/18/2021
Parturition Updated: 6/18/2021
Mechanism For Parturition § Skunk Cabbage Prolonged gestation in Sheep hypoplasia of Anterior Pituitary § Gene Defect Autosomal recessive in Holstein cattle Large calves, 1 -2 months beyond due date hypoplasia of Anterior Pituitary Updated: 6/18/2021
Fetal Adrenal Changes with Age Adrenal Gland Weight Change in Adrenal Size is a Response to Stress!! • Lack of space • Lack of gas exchange • Lack of nutrients Parturition Updated: 6/18/2021 Fetal Age
Hormonal Changes Associated with Parturition Updated: 6/18/2021
Parturition Fetal Nutritional Demands CRH ACTH Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus Placental Insufficiency Adrenal Cortex Fetal Corticosteroids (Cortisol) Lung (surfactant) Liver (glycogen) Uterine Myometrium » Gap junctions Thyroid (metabolism) Placentome Progesterone Estrogen Uterine Endometrium » Oxytocin receptors PGF 2 a Uterine Updated: 6/18/2021 Contractions Cervical Ripening Oxytocin Relaxin Ovary (CL) PGF 2 a Cow, Sow Triggers CL Regression
Final Role of Oxytocin Sensory Neurons in Cervix Oxytocin from Posterior Pituitary Myometrial Contractions Updated: 6/18/2021
Orientation of Fetus • Fetus must reorient prior to parturition » Initially on back » Reorient so feet and head will exit first » Breech • Rear of fetus comes first • • Orientation not important in pig Abnormal orientation results in dystocia Updated: 6/18/2021
Fetal Orientation Updated: 6/18/2021
Fetal Orientation Updated: 6/18/2021
Stages of Labor • Preparative (2 to 12 hours) » Myometrial contractions » Uterine pressure » Adominal discomfort » Cervical dilation Updated: 6/18/2021
Stages of Labor (cont. ) • Expulsion of fetus (30 to 180 min) » Strong uterine contractions » Rupture of the allantochorion » Appearance of the amnion » Maternal recumbence and straining » Not only uterine but abdominal contractions as well » Rupture of the amnion and delivery Updated: 6/18/2021
Stages of Labor (cont. ) • Expulsion of the placenta (1 to 12 hours) » Uterine contractions » Chorionic villi loosen » Expulsion of the placenta » Delayed in ruminants due to presence of cotelydons separating independently » Suckling induces oxytocin release which triggers further uterine contractions Updated: 6/18/2021
Dystocia • • Difficult birth Abnormal presentations Excessive fetal size Multiple births (twins) » Twins presented at the same time » One is usually blocking the other » Uterus becomes fatigued Updated: 6/18/2021
Updated: 6/18/2021
Updated: 6/18/2021
Updated: 6/18/2021
Dystocia Updated: 6/18/2021
Perinatal Fetal Changes • Cardiovascular » Ductus arteriosis » Foramen ovale » Ductus venosus Updated: 6/18/2021
Placenta Fetal Circulatory System Umbilical Vein Ductus Venosus Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Portal Vein Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Umbilical Arteries Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Transitional Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Adult Circulatory System Ductus Venosus Portal Vein Liver Vena Cava Foramen Ovale Left Atrium Head and Heart Updated: 6/18/2021 Lungs Right Atrium Aorta Tissues Ductus Arteriosus
Perinatal Fetal Changes • Cardiovascular • Thermoregulatory • Energy metabolism » Ductus arteriosis » Foramen ovale » Ductus venosus » Must regulate own temperature » Increase metabolism (thyroid activity) » Brown fat - metabolism of produces heat » Until suckling, relies on own stores of glycogen Updated: 6/18/2021
Perinatal Fetal Changes (cont. ) • Immune status » Has no antibodies to protect » Gets passive immunity from mother • Gut permeable to antibodies in colostrum • Only first 1 - 2 days • In rabbit, rat, man get some antibodies absorbed through placenta Updated: 6/18/2021
Parturition Uterus Myometrium Shrinkage and atrophy Lumen Endometrium Elimination of bacteria Involution (2 - 3 weeks) Updated: 6/18/2021 Repair P o s t p a r t u m Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Ovaries Steroids Conception Follicles Estrous Cycles (4 to 10 weeks)
Return to Estrus • Fertility increases with # of estrous cycles » First = 35% pregnancy rate » Second = 50% » Third = 73% » Fourth = 72% • Lactational anestrus or Lactational amenorhea Updated: 6/18/2021
Return to Estrus (cont. ) • Special postpartum estrus » Mare - foal heat, 6 - 13 days postpartum • Fertility depends on body condition » Sow • Anovulatory estrus 3 - 5 days post-farrowing • Weaning induces estrus 3 - 5 days latter Updated: 6/18/2021
Retained Placenta • Definition » If not expelled within 24 hr it may be retained for 5 - 6 days • Most common in cattle (5 - 15 %) » Not seen in sows or ewes » Sometimes seen in mares (retained = > 4 hrs) Updated: 6/18/2021
Equine Retained Placenta Updated: 6/18/2021
Retained Placenta (cont. ) • Cause » Normally get lack of blood flow to chorionic villi and this causes them to regress » High incidence in premature or early delivery » High milk producers » Twins » Dystocia » Induction of parturition » Nutritional deficiencies • Vitamin A • Selenium Updated: 6/18/2021
Retained Placenta (cont. ) • Treatment » Manual removal not recommended » Daily antibiotics » Large single antibiotic bolus » Oxytocin or PGF • Major concerns in humans and mares » Can cause death of mother from septicemia Updated: 6/18/2021
Induction of Parturition • Dexamethazone » Potent synthetic cortisol » Works in all species » Takes 2 to 3 days • PGF 2 a » Swine, cattle and sheep • Oxytocin » Human, horse Review Remaining Slides for Species Specific Procedures! Updated: 6/18/2021
Cow - Do not induce before last 7 -14 Days of gestation Method: Dexamethasone - parturition in 48 hours, 20 -50 mg/IM Azium (trade name) combined with 25 mg Lutalyse induces within 35+2 hours. Requires a live fetus to work and does not work on a mummified fetus -High incidence of retained placentas and lower postpartum fertility (severity increases the earlier induced). - Retained placenta is not problem if treated properly - Giving estrogen before induction of parturition incidence Prostaglandins used in cases of a mummified fetus and are also effective in inducing abortion the first 4 -5 months Updated: 6/18/2021
Sheep - Best within a few days of parturition Dexamethasone (8 -20 mg) Parturition in 24 -72 hours Retained placenta not a problem Can use Lutalyse to abort before Day 50 of gestation Updated: 6/18/2021
Sow - Do after day 111 of gestation Note that this is less than 3 Days from normal parturition PGF 2 a (Lutalyse 10 mg/IM) parturition in 29 -48 hours. Close synchrony - Lutalyse at 8 AM followed by oxytocin 40 IU 24 hours later. Sows farrow between 8 AM and 5 PM (32 hours from start) Piglets should be born within 1 to 8 (average 1 -4) hours with 15 minute intervals between piglets - May give oxytocin in last few piglets to decrease stillborn numbers in large litters or after extended delivery interval Its is important to give PGF 2 a no earlier than Day 111. If given on Day 110 will cause stillborn piglets ( too immature to survive) Updated: 6/18/2021
Mare - Do after day 320 of gestation Oxytocin (20 -60 I. U. ) close to term !!! Takes less than 1 hour! Placenta expelled in < 1 hour Make sure of the following before inducing foaling: 1. Udder is enlarged with presence of colostrum 2. There is relaxation of the perineal region 3. Cervical relaxation (can insert 1 to 2 fingers) Usually induce for only two reasons: 1. Demonstration 2. Prolonged gestation In normal pregnancy, mare can control time of day for foaling through her release of oxytocin. Inject oxytocin give no choice of time. Updated: 6/18/2021
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