Particle Accelerators An introduction Lenny Rivkin Swiss Institute

Particle Accelerators: An introduction Lenny Rivkin Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Switzerland Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

PSI EPFL CERN Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

PSI EPFL CERN

PSI EPFL CERN

PSI EPFL CERN

The Role of Accelerators in Physical and Life Sciences “It is an historical fact that scientific revolutions are more often driven by new tools than by new concepts” Freeman Dyson Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Particle beams: main uses (protons, electrons, photons, neutrons, muons, neutrinos etc. ) Research in basic subatomic physics Analysis of physical, chemical and biological samples Modification of physical, chemical and biological properties of matter Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Accelerators in the world Total number ~ 30’ 000 growing at about 10% per year New Applications New technologies Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. H. Rivkin, PSI &DESY EPFL Dosch,

R. W. Hamm, 9 th KNUST, ICFA Kumasi, Seminar, October’ 08, SLAC Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

ACCELERATORS: INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS • High energy frontier • High luminosity frontier • High precision measurements Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Energy available in collisions (center-of-mass energy) Fixed target geometry Colliding beams or for unequal energies Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Livingston plot Equivalent energy of a fixed target accelerator

COLLIDER CIRCULAR BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL ACCELERATOR FOR RESEARCH IN PARTICLE PHYSICS IP IP COLLISION AT THE IP (Interaction Point) Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Luminosity Interaction rate

Point cross-section Unit: barn = 10 -24 cm 2 1 pb 1 fb

History of luminosity in the world 1034 cm-2 s-1=10 /nb/s

Scaling of high energy proton rings LEP tunnel: 1 Te. V per 1 Tesla Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Scaling of high energy electron rings Electrons emit synchrotron radiation Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Linear Colliders damping rf power source e- e+ main linac beam delivery RF in 30 – 40 km RF out E particles “surf” the electromagnetic wave Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Tunnel implementations (laser straight) Central MDI & Intera Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

1 professional lifespan! Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Beyound LHC? An 80 km tunnel? Magnetic field Energy c. o. m. 8. 3 Tesla 42 Te. V 16 Tesla 80 Te. V 20 Tesla 100 Te. V John Osborne (CERN), Caroline Waaijer (CERN)

Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine

Cosmic accelerators Constellation Pictor: Pictor A X-ray image X-ray jet originating near a giant black hole 800‘ 000 light years Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Useful books and references H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics I and II Springer Study Edition, 2003 K. Wille, The physics of Particle Accelerators: An Introduction Oxford University Press, 2001 D. A. Edwards, M. J. Syphers, An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993 E. J. N. Wilson, An Introduction to Particle Accelerators Oxford University Press, 2001 A. W. Chao, M. Tigner, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, World Scientific 1999 CERN Accelerator School (CAS) proceedings E. D. Courant and H. S. Snyder, Annals of Physics: 3, 1 - 48 (1958) M. Sands, SLAC-121 Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

24 Nobel Prizes in Physics that had direct contribution from accelerators Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

19 Nobels with X-rays Chemistry 1936: Peter Debye 1962: Max Purutz and Sir John Kendrew 1976 William Lipscomb 1985 Herbert Hauptman and Jerome Karle 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel 1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker 2003 Peter Agre and Roderick Mackinnon 2009 V. Ramakrishnan, Th. A. Steitz, A. E. Yonath Physics 1901 Wilhem Rontgen 1914 Max von Laue 1915 Sir William Bragg and son 1917 Charles Barkla 1924 Karl Siegbahn 1927 Arthur Compton 1981 Kai Siegbahn Medicine 1946 Hermann Muller 1962 Frances Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins 1979 Alan Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Light sources Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

60‘ 000 users world-wide Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

The “brightness” of a light source: Source area, S Angular divergence, W Flux, F F Brightness = constant x _____ Sx. W Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Steep rise in brightness 1021 the second wave SLS SOLEIL (F) DIAMOND (UK) … XFEL Undulators ESRF SPring 8 1015 APS Wigglers Moore’s Law for semiconductors Bending magnets 109 Rotating anode 1900 Bertha Roentgen’s hand (exposure: 20 min) 1950 2000

The electron beam “emittance”: Source area, S Angular divergence, W The brightness depends on the geometry of the source, i. e. , on the electron beam emittance Emittance = S x W Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Medical applications Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Protons – treatment of tumors improved radiation therapy > 800 patients treated with deep-seated tumors > 5800 patients treated with eye tumors > 50 % of patients are below 40 years old

BRAGG PEAK PROTO N BEAM … ALLOWS THE TREATMENT OF DEEP INSIDE LYING TUMORS WITH BEST PROTECTION OF THE SURROUNDING Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Dose Comparison of Characteristics of Photons und Protons for Radiation Therapy Tumor Depth (cm) Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

POSITION SPOT SCANNING ENERGY

GANTRY Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Aim of proton therapy: Dose concentrated in the tumor volume, low dose or no dose to healthy tissues Protons IMRT -Photons Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

First accelerators Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Electrostatic linear accelerator COCKROFT WALTON VAN DE GRAFF TANDEM PELLETRON CATHODE - U + SLS DC electron gun: U = 90 k. V, Ek = 90 ke. V non-relativistic approxim. Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

First accelerators: Cockcroft and Walton 1932 Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Going beyond 1 MV Can we repeat the process of DC acceleration? Need time varying fields Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Wideroe Linac 1928 Ion source Drift tubes Acceleration of slow ions Beam RF Transmitter f. RF ~ 1– 7 MHz Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

FOR THE SAME ENERGY EXTRACTED FROM THE FIELD, A PARTICLE WITH LOWER MASS IS MORE RELATIVISTIC CATHODE - U + v/c e p e. U [Me. V] Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

ALAVAREZ DTL FERMILAB The drift tubes are enclosed in a single resonant tank in order to avoid large radiative energy losses at higher frequencies (e. g. 200 MHz) ALVAREZ LINACS WORK UP TO b ~ 0. 4 A NEW STRUCTURE IS REQUIRED FOR RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES ! Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Electron RF linacs Disk loaded accelerating structure slows down the RF wave to let electron keep up with it Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

SLS 100 Me. V RF linac Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Lawrence: coiled up linac Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

First accelerators: cyclotron Livingston and Lawrence 4. 5 inch model cyclotron 27 inch cyclotron Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

First accelerators: cyclotron Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Rolf Wideröe‘s notebook Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Donald Kerst: first betatron (1940) "Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenent wickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron" Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL