Ordination and sentence accent reprise 2011 PK Hugvsindaing

Ordination and sentence accent reprise, 2011 PK

• Hugvísindaþing 2010: same title - Unsuccessful attempt to find common ground for two features where Icelandic and English differ: 1. Deaccenting (a feature of prosody) 2. Parataxis: use of conjunctions en (I. ) and but (E. ) • Hugvísindaþing 2011: Add: “comma-splice” in Icelandic and English Add: firmer arguments for connecting these features - Courses in Prosody Gísli Valgeirsson: BA on deaccenting in Icelandic

• Hypotaxis and parataxis (Subordination and coordination) 1. Use of en and but in parataxis 2. Comma splicing in parataxis 3. Deaccenting and reaccenting of prosodic nuclei • Arguments for underlying parataxis or hypotaxis.

1. en and but 1 2 Margrét byrjar í háskólanum í haust, en hún stefnir á lögfræði Jón var svangur, en hann hafði ekki borðað síðan um morguninn 1 a Margaret starts at university this autumn, but she wants to be a lawyer 2 a Jon was hungry, but he hadn’t eaten since the morning 1 b Margaret starts at university this autumn, in spite of wanting to be a lawyer 2 b John was hungry, even though he had not eaten since morning

The superficial explanation: EN corresponding, supporting, correlative BUT alternative, limiting negating but on the other hand but in contrast conversely even though

3 Margrét vaknaði snemma, en Jón svaf til ellefu 3 a Margaret woke early but John slept until eleven = “but on the other hand”

1 Margrét byrjar í háskólanum í haust, en hún stefnir á lögfræði 2 Jón var svangur, en hann hafði ekki borðað síðan um morguninn 1 a Margaret starts at university this autumn, with but she 1 c 1 b and she a view wantstotobecoming be a lawyer but hadn’t eaten since the 2 c 2 a John Jon washungry, and nothe he having hadn’t eaten since morning the morning

• Það er viðvörun í gangi, en búist er við stormi á norðvesturlandi • fjórir krossnefir voru í gær á Hvanneyri, er krossnefurinn verpir nú í febrúar Félagsfundur í Flugvirkjafélagi Íslands kolfelldi nýjan kjarasamning í gærkvöldi, en samningurinn var gerður við Samstök atvinnulífsins á dögunum fyrir hönd Icelandair

and he his feorh generede, and he wæs oft gewundod. Parker Chronicle 755 He saved his life and he was wounded many times. He saved his life although he was wounded many times. Hann bjargaði lífi sínu en hann var margsærður

Þa com se eawfæsta. to ðam eadigan cuðberhte. and he wæs on ðam timan. to prafoste geset. on ðam munuclife. þe is lindisfarnea gehaten. (Ælfric, Second Series of Homilies [Catholic Homilies]: Cuthbert, seg 07: 85. 140) Then this married man came to Cuthbert the Blessed, *and he was at that time established as provost of the monastery known as Lindisfarne Þá kom sá sá kvænti til Kynbjarts hins sæla, en hann var í þá tíð settur prófastur í þeim munkaklaustri sem heitir Lindisfarne

2. comma splice Ísland er tiltölulega nýfrjálst ríki, fullt sjálfstæði fékkst einungis fyrir 65 árum, þá eftir margar aldir sem nýlenda einhverra Norðurlandaþjóðanna. Hulda Þórisdóttir, ‘Afsprengi aðstæðna og fjötruð skynsemi: Aðdragandi og orsakir efnahagshrunsins á Íslandi frá sjónarhóli kenninga og rannsókna í félagslegri sálfræði Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingi. ’ í Skýrslu Rannsóknarnefndar Alþingis: Aðdragandi og orsakir falls íslensku bankanna 2008 og tengdir atburðir. 8. bindi bls. 279 Það var mikill fengur fyrir Árnesheimilið að Guðrún væri þar heimilismanneskja með drengjum sínum, hún hafði frá mörgu að segja utan úr stórum heimi, fjarlægum löndum, henni féll aldrei verk úr hendi og var mjög nægjusöm. Tryggvi Emilsson, Baráttan um Brauðið (1977). 122

2. comma splice Tryggvi: frequent examples on every page HLK : very seldom. Uses : and ; as in English. Steinn Steinar: no examples Þorbergur: No examples. Uses shorter sentences with periods; uses : but not ; • Ben Gröndal: uses all three • • Komu menn nú til hallarinnar, hún var öll tjölduð dýrasta pelli og púrpúra; þar voru nýstarlega herbergin búin, því að þar stóðu súlnaraðir úr jökli sunnan úr Mundíufjöllum. . Heljarslóðaorrusta, Ritsaafn II, 34.

Þetta er bæði satt og ósatt, því Hannes Jónsson veit ekkert hvernig á mínum högum stendur, þar um hef ég skrifað þér í bréfum. 128 En sem sagt, skal ég veita henni allt það lið sem ég get, ég vona að það rætist vel úr öllu þesu. 129 Ben. Gröndal, Bréf til Jóns Árnasonar, Ritsafn V.

Preliminary conclusion: There is a general tendency to use parataxis and coordination in written and spoken Icelandic but hypotaxis and subordination in English.

Preliminary conclusion: While there is a general tendency to use parataxis in Icelandic, English favours hypotaxis.

3. deaccenting x x / x x x / / Now the program has been delayed by about six months the program has been delayed by about six MONTHS the program has been delayed by about six months

Now the program has been delayed by about six months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the end of the program to compensate for these delays

Now the program has been delayed by about six months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the end of the program to compensate for these delays

Now the program has been delayed by about six months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the end of the program to compensate for these delays Mandatory deaccenting

Now the program has been delayed by about six months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the end of the program to compensate for these delays

Mr. Tulkinghorn inclines his head again. “I have now my instructions, ” he says. “Mr. Boythorn will give us a good deal of trouble – ” “It is the character of such a mind, Mr. Tulkinghorn, ” Sir Leicester reminds him, “TO give trouble. ” Bleak House, Chap 12. loc. 21608

gera ráð fyrir því að það verð að mestu leyti þurrt og jafnvel skýjað með köflum á norðaustanverðu landinu | og hiti verði þetta víða átta til níu stig sunnan lands en nokkrum gráðum hærri hiti á norðanverðu landinu Nei ég er það er ekkert rétt að við séum að koma með neinni niðurstöðu um það hvernig við ætlum að bregðast við | en við erum að vinna að því að halda áfram samstöðu allra flokka um það hvernig eigi að bregðast við. . .

. . . sem er viðurkenndur sjúkdómur af alþjóða heilbrigðisstofnuninni | að það er smátt og smátt að verða áþreifanlegri mælingar á þeim sjúkdómi | og nú er íslenskt nýsköpunarfyrirtæki sem hlaut verðlaun í fyrra einmitt að gera rannsóknir á heilavirkni fólks sem að glímir við þennan sjúkdóm.

sem er viðurkenndur sjúkdómur af alþjóðlegu heilbrigðisstofnuninni, að það er smátt og smátt að verða áþreifanlegri mælingar á þeim sjúkdómi

Résumé • Icelandic uses paratactic en where English would use subordination. • Icelandic allows for commas between paratactic main clauses where English prefers subordination of prosodic hypotaxis • Deaccenting is mandatory in most native varieties of English, but not in Icelandic.

Some hypotheses • Parataxis and hypotaxis are underlying or default discourse conditions in languages • The surface realisation (cf. Knútsson 2010) of these conditions occurs in prosody (tone and rythm) – (Prosodic intonation is a primitive) • Parataxis is an underlying or default discourse pattern in Icelandic • Hypotaxis is an underlying or default discourse pattern in English – (Again, Knútsson 2010, there are no “silent” underlying features) • (Parataxis and hypotaxis involve different uses of discourse indices)

These hypotheses predict that the following English sequences are all “underlyingly” hypotactic: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. John was hungry. He had not eaten since morning. John had not eaten since morning: he was hungry *John had not eaten since morning; he was hungry John was ungry, seein as ow he adnt et since mornin John was hungry, for he hadn’t eaten since morning John was hungry, not having eaten since morning

Paratactic discourse, with parallel prosodic patterns: Jón var svangur, en hann hafði ekki borðað síðan um morguninn Jón var svangur, hann hafði ekki borðað síðan um morguninn Jón var svangur. Hann hafði ekki borðað síðan um morguninn.

English hypotactic discourse requires deaccenting which is one of the prosodic markers of hypotaxis Icelandic paratactic discourse does not require deaccenting because it is not hypotactic

Now the program has been delayed by about six months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the end of the program to compensate for these delays Okkur fannst við ættum að bæta við sex mánuðum til að vega upp á móti þessari seinkun en ferlinu seinkaði um sex mánuði = We delayed the program by six months, and compensated for it by delaying the program for six months. !!!!

- end -

Now the program has been delayed by about six *months so there was a feeling that we needed to add six months at the *end of the program to compensate *for these delays

eiginleikinn í mér er bara drifinn áfram af forvitni og kannski pínulitlu hugrekki, en ég hef alltaf verið voðalega forvitin