Topics in Phonetics Phonology John Corbett USPCAPES International

Topics in Phonetics & Phonology John Corbett: USP-CAPES International Fellow Session 6: British accents – London & Scotland

Course structure 1. Introduction: Review of IPA & lexical sets 2. Review: Transcribing connected speech 3. Accents of English 1: Reference accents (RP and Gen. Am) 4. Revisiting English as a lingua franca 5. Accents of English 2: American accents 6. Accents of English 3: British Accents 7. Accents of English 4: Accents of World English 8. Accents of English 5: Brazilian English accents

Course structure 9. Acoustic phonetics: Using WASP 10. Rhythms of English: Poetic metre 11. Rhythms of English: Rhythm in speech 12. Discourse intonation 1 13. Discourse intonation 2 14. Course review

London and Scottish accents: This session What is their history? What are their indexical features? Can you distinguish an English from a Scottish speaker? Can you switch from English to Scottish?

‘Cockney’ is the name given to the broad, working class variety of English associated with the East End of London. Diffused South of the River Thames and across much of SE England. Adopted by younger middle class (‘Mockney’). What is the London accent? Merged into more recent Multicultural London English (MLE).

Example of Cockney accent https: //www. bl. uk/collection-items/cockney-accent-freddie-ridley-roadmarket British Library Sound Archive Freddie, a street-market trader (born 1951; recorded 1999)

Consonantal features: TH-fronting /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ things, brother T-glottaling /t/ > /ʔ/ medially and finally butter, want L-vocalisation /l/ > /ʊ/ feel, real, wild, little Cockney: Indexical features H-dropping have, Harrods, handkerchief, hold Hypercorrection hadjective, hand (conjunction), habout Listen to Freddie again. Not all of these features will necessarily be present in his speech.

https: //www. bl. uk/collection-items/cockney-accent-freddie-ridley-roadmarket Example of Cockney accent Freddie: About hundred years, roughly. They didn't put any value on it in the past, so there, there's not any pr, real proper records before nineteentwenty-six. But, uhm, my eldest relative, my aunt Lil', who's still alive she's ninety-something - uhm, says that the market started in the High Street, uhm, much in the same way as a Third World market would start: people brought their spare vegetables and whatever they had to spare to the market and traded them and sold that. Uh, but when the trams started, it was too dangerous to have the market in the High Street and they brought it round here into Ridley Road.

Example of Cockney accent: consonants Freddie: About hundred years, roughly. They didn't put any value on it in the past, so there, there's not any pr, real proper records before nineteentwenty-six. But, uhm, my eldest relative, my aunt Lil', who's still alive - she's ninety-something - uhm, says that the market started in the High Street, uhm, much in the same way as a Third World market would start: people brought their spare vegetables and whatever they had to spare to the market and traded them and sold that. Uh, but when the trams started, it was too dangerous to have the market in the High Street and they brought it round here into Ridley Road. hundred, had, here H-dropping real, eldest, Lil, still, people, vegetables, sold, World L-vocalisation something, Third (later, clothing) fronting twenty, market, whatever, that, started, brought it THT-glottalisating

Cockney: Indexical features: 5 dipthongs FLEECE London RP FACE London RP THOUGHT London iɪ ~ əi iː æɪ ~ ʌɪ eɪ o: ~ ɔə RP GOAT London RP PRICE London RP ɔː ʌʊ əʊ ɑɪ aɪ closing diphthongs long close front unrounded creep, speak, leave, feel, key, people closing diphthongs closing diphthong tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, day close-mid back unrounded ~ centring diphthong long open-mid back rounded taught, sauce, hawk, jaw, broad closing diphthong soap, joke, home, know, so, roll closing diphthong closing dipthong ripe, write, arrive, high, try, buy

https: //www. bl. uk/collection-items/cockney-accent-freddie-ridley-roadmarket Example of Cockney accent Freddie: About hundred years, roughly. They didn't put any value on it in the past, so there, there's not any pr, real proper records before nineteentwenty-six. But, uhm, my eldest relative, my aunt Lil', who's still alive she's ninety-something - uhm, says that the market started in the High Street, uhm, much in the same way as a Third World market would start: people brought their spare vegetables and whatever they had to spare to the market and traded them and sold that. Uh, but when the trams started, it was too dangerous to have the market in the High Street and they brought it round here into Ridley Road.

Example of Cockney accent Freddie: About hundred years, roughly. They didn't put any value on it in the past, so there, there's not any pr, real proper records before nineteen-twentysix. But, uhm, my eldest relative, my aunt Lil', who's still alive - she's ninetysomething - uhm, says that the market started in the High Street, uhm, much in the same way as a Third World market would start: people brought their spare vegetables and whatever they had to spare to the market and traded them and sold that. Uh, but when the trams started, it was too dangerous to have the market in the High Street and they brought it round here into Ridley Road. iɪ ~ əi æɪ ~ ʌɪ o: ~ ɔə ʌʊ ɑɪ nineteen, street, same, way, spare, traded, dangerous brought sold, road nineteen, alive, ninety, High

Freddie: About hundred years, roughly. They didn't put any value on it in the past, so there, there's not any real proper records before nineteentwenty-six. But, uhm, my eldest relative, my aunt Lil', who's still alive - she's ninety-something - uhm, says that the market started in the High Street, uhm, much in the same way as a Third World market would start: people brought their spare vegetables and whatever they had to spare to the market and traded them and sold that. Uh, but when the trams started, it was too dangerous to have the market in the High Street and they brought it round here into Ridley Road. Can you speak Cockney? iɪ ~ əi nineteen, street, æɪ ~ ʌɪ same, way, spare, traded, dangerous o: ~ ɔə brought ʌʊ sold, road ɑɪ nineteen, alive, ninety, High hundred , had, here H-dropping real, eldest, Lil, still, people, vegetables, sold, World L-vocalisation something, Third TH-fronting twenty, market, whatever, that, started, brought it T-glottalisating

Can you speak London English? There are various You. Tube and other vídeos online on London accents (Cockney, Estuary, MLE). Listen to a few of them and try them out! https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LY 8 Fj. XN 14 ew https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_H 8 r 2 Izzo 5 k

Scottish accents of English §How many Scottish accents are there? § Main differences from RP § Examples from the SCOTS corpus § Future developments

Until 7 th Century: Celtic languages 7 th Century: Northumbrian OE in SE Scotland. c. 1066: Northern OE speakers pushed into SE Scotland by the ´Harrying of the North. ’ Northern OE develops into Scots and diffuses through the lowlands. Why are there different accents? Until 1100: Northern OE 1100 -1700: Older Scots 1700 -now: Modern Scots Language contact over time: Celtic, OE, ON, Norman French, Dutch… No pressure to standardise till 18 th C.

How many accents are there? 6 main accent groups: § Central (E, W, SW) § Southern § North-East § Northern § Insular (Orkney & Shetland) § Northern Irish (Ulster)

How many accents are there? Focus on 4 areas § Central (E, W, SW) § Southern § North-East & Northern § Insular (Orkney & Shetland)

Main differences: Broad scots & SSE Broad Scots: Regional and socially differentiated Scottish Standard English (SSE): ‘Educated/polite’ standard Scottish accent, originating in 18 th C, modelled on southern English

Some distinctive Scottish consonants SSE Central Southern Northern Insular Example RP θ θ, h, f θ θ, t think θ x x, θ x loch k ʍ ʍ ʍ f ʍ what w r (rhotic) r r r, vr r, wr write ɹ (nonrhotic)

Some distinctive Scottish vowels and diphthongs SSE Central Southern Northern i i i, əi ɛ ɛ, i ɛ o o, e, ɑ o, e, ɪə, ji, uə ʌi ʌi ʌu ʌu, u Insular Example RP i, e, əi i me i ɛ ɛ, e head ʌi ʌi ʌi kind ʌu, u ɛ o, i, ɑ home əu ai house au

Some features of broad scots articulatio ns /l/ elision in words like <all, fall, call, hall, wall> Scottish vowel-length rule: lengthening of vowels in stressed syllables, only in certain contexts, eg before morpheme boundaries, before other vowels and before /r, v, ð, z, ʒ/, so ‘brood/brewed’, ‘leaf/leave’. Distinct diphthongs in ‘tide/tied’, ‘rice/rise’, ‘slide/sly’.

Exploring Scottish accents with the SCOTS corpus § Go to www. scottishcorpus. ac. uk § Click on Advanced Search § Click on Map to search different accents § Metadata about writers/speakers is available

Four Scottish accents: (1) Ayrshire (SW Central) Me, my mother and my two aunts (Margaret and Mary) https: //www. scottishcorpus. ac. uk/document/? documentid=27

Four Scottish accents: (2) Hawick (Southern) Schoolfriends born in the 1920 s Interviewer born in the 1950 s https: //www. scottishcorpus. ac. uk/document/? documentid=1430

Four Scottish accents: (3) Insular Shetland Two Shetlanders talking about building houses, and the festival Up-Helly-Aa. One is a retired teacher born in Perth (Central) in the 1940 s and the other, a mature student, was born in Lerwick (Insular) in the 1950 s. https: //www. scottishcorpus. ac. uk/document/? documentid=1387

Four Scottish accents: (4) NE Scots comedy group ‘Scotland the What? ’ Phone call from a toy shop in Ballater to Princess Diana, asking what Prince Harry would like as a Christmas present. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nz. S 3 Adz. Z 0 Nw

Future developments § Accent levelling: movement towards SSE with impact of education, fewer traditional Broad Scots speakers § Continued language contact – f 2 f and media, greater mobility § Identity formation – age, class, gender, ethnicity…rise of ‘new’ accents like ‘Glaswasian’, ‘Jockney’ § Continuing diversity

This week’s moodle quiz Another Scottish accent. . .

Next week Two World English accents