Opus Novum Review Grammar n n n n
- Slides: 61
Opus Novum Review Grammar n n n n Case Syntactic structures (clauses, absolutes) Participles The infinitive Number Finite verbs Declensions
Case shows what job a noun, adjective or participle is doing in a sentence. These jobs can be subject, direct object, object of preposition, to name a few. Case is expressed by the endings of words, which change according to those jobs. Equus and equos have distinct jobs in a sentence, just like I and me do in English. There are five major cases and two secondary cases
Syntactic structures n n n Purpose clauses Relative clauses Complementary infinitives Indirect statement Ablative absolutes
The present infinitive The active form is simply the 2 nd principle part of the verb: mutare, docēre, mittere, audīre, ferre. Its translation comes from its use in the particular sentence. The passive form take the active form and changes the final –e to –ī, with the exception of 3 rd conjugation where the whole –ere is dropped before adding the -ī: mutārī, docērī, mittī, audīrī, ferrī.
The infinitive serves as a secondary verb—While we can think of its basic meaning as “to___”, it gets its actual meaning and use only in relation to the finite verb of the sentence. It should never be considered “The Verb” of a sentence or clause. There a number of infinitive forms: Present active and passive Perfect active and passive Future active and (rarely) passive
The perfect infinitive The active form of the perfect infinitive is the third principle part of the verb with the ending –sse: occupāvisse, mīsisse, tulisse. The passive form is the fourth principle part (generally with an accusative ending agreeing with the leading accusative noun) accompanied by the word esse : occupatum esse, latās esse
Infinitive usage The infinitive can be used -- in indirect statement, where it follows a “mind” or “head” verb and a direct object/accusative. --as a complementary infinite following those verbs (studeo, propero, dubito) which need to be completed before they can be understood.
Complementary Infinitive The complementary infinitive is an infinitive related to a verb which needs to be “completed” before its full meaning can be understood. Such verbs include studeō, properō, dubitō, possum. (list of most common complementary infinitives) Exemplum Mars nōn poterat militēs gloriōsōs docēre. Mars was not able to teach the boastful soldiers
Common Complementary infinitives n n n n n coepī, coeptus (defective verb-only 3 rd and 4 th principle parts) he/she/it began to constituō, constituere 3, constituī, constitūtus to decide debeō, debere 2, debuī, debitus to ought to dubitō, dubitāre 1, dubitavī, dubitātus to hesitate or doubt mereō, merere 2, meruī, meritus to deserve possum, posse, potuī, --to be able (can) properō, properāre 1, properavī, properātus to hurry or hasten studeō, studere 2, studui to be eager, to be desirous timeō, timere 2, timui to fear, to be afraid to
Purpose clause A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that expresses why someone does something. In Latin, a purpose clause is introduced by and ut (so that) or nē (so that. . . not) and uses a verb the subjunctive mood. Exempla Cornelia gladium invēnit ut comās removēret. Cornelia took a sword so that she could remove (her) hair. Faber pilam rapuit nē filia eam super murum iaceret. The craftsman grabbed the ball so that the daughter would not throw it over the wall again.
Indirect statement is a reported or conveyed statement. Statement: the dog was barking. Indirect statement: The boys knew that the dog was barking Indirect statement has three components. A mind/head verb A d. o. /accusative An infinitive exempla
Indirect statement An indirect statement is simple statement that is being reported or commented on in some way. In Latin indirect statement is expressed by using a head/mind verb along with a direct object and an infinitive. That d. o. can be considered the lead noun of the infinitive and will be translated as if it were a subject. Indirect Statement Exempla
Mind or Head Verbs Mind/heads verbs are verbs which express obvious mental processes: videre, audire, dicere, sentire, etc. They are often used to introduce indirect statement. (list of common mind/head verbs)
Common Head/Mind Verbs n n n n n Audiō 4: to hear Respondeō, respondere 2, respondī, responsus: to answer, reply Sciō 4: to know Videō, videre 2, vidī, visus: to see Cognoscō, cognoscere 3, cognovī, cognitus: to get to know, realize, become aware of Sentiō, sentīre 4, sensī, sensus: to feel Credō, credere 3, credidī, creditus: to believe Sperō 1: to hope Clamō 1: to shout Negō 1: to deny, refuse
Indirect statement exempla n n n Discipula equōs currere ex agro viderat. The student had seen that the horses were running from the field. Dux piratam ad urbem fugere clamābat. The leader was shouting that the pirate was fleeing toward the city Dominus militēs villam et hortōs et nummōs non bene (well) custodivisse cognovit. The master knew that the soldiers had not guarded the farm and the garden and the coins well
Indirect Statement Exempla Domina filiās dormīre vīdit. The mistress saw that the daughters were sleeping. Musca ranam accedere sensit. The fly felt that the frog was approaching. Clamābat magister pueros mensas in hortum trahere. The teacher was shouting that they boys were dragging the tables into the garden
Relative Clause A relative clause is a complete sentence found inside another sentence which describes one of the nouns in that second sentence. The relative clause begins with a relative pronoun which shows the same number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) as the noun it is describing. The relative clause usually ends with a verb. Relative clause exempla Relative pronoun forms
Relative pronouns masc. fem. neuter Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative quī cuius cuī quem quō quae cuius cuī quam quā quod cuius cuī quod quō Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative quī quōrum quibus quōs quibus quae quārum quibus quās quibus quae quōrum quibus quae quibus Singular Plural
Relative clause exempla Nuntius quem regina mandāvit non tacebat. The messenger whom the queen sent was not keeping quiet. Nuntius quī non tacēbat clamāvit et populum permovit. The messenger, who was not keeping quiet, shouted and moved the people deeply. Puella quam magister docēbat equōs amavit. The girl whom the teacher was teaching loved horses.
Finite verbs are those verbs which take a nominative subject and can be considered the central element of a Latin sentence. Finite verbs can be either active or passive
Finite verb tense n n Finite verbs all show tense, i. e. , the time when something happens. They also show mood; indicative or subjunctive. As a very general rule, indicative states facts, while subjunctive gives wishes, commands or hopes—that is a very gross simplification.
Finite verb tense and meaning Indicative The indicative tenses in Latin (with meanings) are Present: s/he _____s, s/he is _____ing, Does s/he______? Imperfect: she was _______ing, she used to____. Future: she will _______, she is going to____. Perfect: s/he____ed, s/he has ____ed, did s/he_____? Pluperfect: s/he had_____ed. Future perfect: s/he she will have _______ed.
Finite verb tense and meaning subjunctive The subjunctive tenses in Latin are Present: let him/her_____, he/she may________ Imperfect: s/he would, might ________. Perfect: s/he _______ed Pluperfect s/he would have _______ed; In some contexts, the subjunctive is translated just like its indicative counterpart.
Finite verbs endings Indicative active Present Imperfect Future 1 st -at -ābit 2 nd -et -ēbat -ēbit 3 rd -it -ēbat -et 4 th -it -iēbat -iet Perfect: add –t to the 3 rd principle part Pluperfect: add –erat to the 3 rd principle part, after removing the -ī Future perfect: add –erit to the 3 rd principle part, after removing the -ī paradigm
Finite verbs forms Indicative passive 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Present -atur -etur -itur Imperfect -ābatur -ēbatur -iēbatur Future -ābitur -ēbitur -etur -ietur Perfect: add the word est to the 4 th principle part Pluperfect: add the word erat to the 4 th principle part. Future perfect: add the word erit to the 4 th principle part. paradigm
Conjugations Verb are sorted in 4 conjugations. The inifinitive shows the conjugation (-āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre). The conjugation dictates what vowels will be before the endings in the imperfect tense (tenebat, audiebat), as well as the present participle (necantem, ponentes). They are also important in forming the present (both indicative and subjunctive) and future tenses. These forms are not learned in the first semester.
Present and Future tenses active 1 st conjugation 2 nd 3 rd* 4 th Portat docet mittit audit doceat mittat audiat docebit mittet audiet Present indicative Present subjunctive Portet Future indicative Portabit *3 rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3 rd and 4 th conjugations. Usually they resemble the 4 th conjugation (facit, faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3 rd. Click here for passive
Present and Future tenses passive 1 st conjugation 2 nd 3 rd* 4 th Portatur docetur mittitur auditur doceatur mittatur audiatur docebitur mittetur audietur Present indicative Present subjunctive Portetur Future indicative Portabitur *3 rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3 rd and 4 th conjugations. Usually they resemble the 4 th conjugation (facit, faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3 rd. Click here for active
Finite verbs forms Indicative active Present Imperfect Future 1 st amat amābit Perfect: amāvit Pluperfect: amāverat Future perf: amāverit Click here for passive 2 nd docet docēbat docēbit 3 rd 4 th mittit audit mittēbat audiēbat mittet audiet docuit docuerat docuerit mīsit audīvit mīserat audīverat mīserit audīverit
Finite verbs forms Indicative passive Present Imperfect Future 1 st amatur amābitur 2 nd docetur docēbatur docēbitur 3 rd mittitur mittēbatur mittetur 4 th auditur audiēbatur audietur Perfect: Pluperfect: Future perf: amātus est amātus erat amātus erit doctus est doctus erat doctus erit mīssus est missus erat missus erit audītus est audītus erat audītus erit Click here for active
Finite verb endings Subjunctive active 1 st Present Imperfect -et -āret 2 nd 3 rd -eat -ēret -at -eret 4 th -iat -īret Perfect: add –erit to the 3 rd principle part, after removing the -ī Pluperfect: add –sset to the 3 rd principle part paradigm
Finite verbs forms Subjunctive active 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Present Imperfect amet amāret doceat docēret mittat mitteret audiat audīret Perfect Pluperf amāverit amāvisset docuerit docuisset mīserit mīsisset audīverit audīvisset Click here for passive
Finite verbs forms Subjunctive passive Present Imperfect 1 st ametur amāretur 2 nd doceatur docēretur 3 rd 4 th mittatur audiatut mitteretur audīretur Perfect Pluperf amātus sit amātus esset doctus sit doctus esset missus sit audītus sit missus esset audītus esset Click here for active
Participles are adjectives made from verbs. There are 4 different types of participles in Latin Present active with the endings -ns, -ntēs Perfect passive made from the 4 th principle part Future active showing –ur-before the ending Future passive-showing –nd-before the ending
Present participle active endings n The present participle uses third declension endings Singular Plural Nominative duce-ns duce-nt-ēs Genitive duce-nt-is duce-nt-ium Dative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus Accusative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ēs Ablative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus likewise: ama-ns; doce-ns, audie-ns
Present participle usage n The present participle, translated ____ing, can serve as an adjective for any noun: Puer currens ancillās in hortō dormientēs vidit. n Since is originates from verb it can even take a direct object: Puer sportulas ferens ancillās mensam trahentēs vidit. Present participle active forms
Perfect Passive Participle The perfect participle passive, translated having been_____ed, can serve as an adjective for any noun: Dux occupatus per forum cucurrerat. And sometimes there is another element between the participle and its noun. Puer in hortō visus florēs ex ancillīs raptōs ferebat. Perfect participle passive forms
Perfect Passive Participle n The perfect passive participle uses the same endings as 1 st and 2 nd declension nouns. The 1 st declension endings are used if the noun described is feminine, the 2 nd if masculine. (forms)
Past participle passive forms Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative uxor amāt-a uxoris amāt-ae uxorī amāt-ae uxorem amāt-am uxore amāt-ā hospēs amāt-us hospitis amāt-ī hospitī amāt-ō hospitem amāt-um hospite amāt-ō Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative uxorēs amāt-ae uxorum amāt-ārum uxoribus amāt-īs uxorēs amāt-ās uxoribus amāt-īs hospitēs amāt-ī hospitum amāt-ōrum hospitibus amāt-īs hospitēs amāt-ōs hospitibus amāt-īs
Number is the term for whether something is singular or plural. All nouns, adjective and participles have to show number as well as case and gender. Verbs also have number but it is not treated in the first semester.
7 cases There are five major cases in Latin: n nominative n genitive n dative n accusative n ablative and two secondary cases: n vocative n locative
Cases—Five major n n n Nominative—used for the subject or words describing the subject Genitive-used for possession and with some adjectives, verbs and prepositions Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for someone or something) and with some verbs Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.
The five major cases n n n Nominative—used for the subject or words describing the subject Genitive-used for possession and with some adjectives, verbs and prepositions Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for someone or something) and with some verbs Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.
The two secondary cases Secondary cases The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2 nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, and – us goes to –e. Exemplum: Marcus Tullius becomes Marce Tulli. The locative-used to tell where something is located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at home) and ruri (in the countryside).
Cases- Two secondary n n n The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2 nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, and – us goes to –e Marcus Tullius when adressed is Marce Tullī The locative-used to tell where something is located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at home) and ruri (in the countryside).
Case endings n Each word that uses case endings can show 10 different endings depending on its job in the sentence. The are two endings for each case, one for the singular and one for the plural. The actual ending for each word will depend on the declension in which it is found.
Case endings (1 st page) n n The case of a word is shown in its ending. In the word puellam, the ending –am shows that it is in the accusative case (and it is singular) In the word puellis, the ending -is shows that it is in either the dative or ablative case and that is it plural. Case endings (2 nd page)
Nominative case n n Nominative is used for the subject or words describing the subject. It is marked up S. The nominatives in the following sentences are underlined. Invenit puellam vacca. Taurus per urbem currebat Villam dux reliquerat. The endings for the nominative case can be found in the declensions pages
Accusative case Accusative is used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions (ad, trans, in, contra, circum, per). The accusatives in the following sentences are underlined. Puella sportulas per villam ferebat. The girl was carrying the baskets though the villa. Hospitem ad arbores uxor miserat. The wife had sent the guest toward the trees Scelestus pecuniam in murōs sepelīvit. The crook buried the money in the walls. The endings for the accusative case can be found in the declensions pages
Ablative Case n Ablative is used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and the ablative of means. The ablatives in the following sentences are underlined. Puer ex arbore cecidit. The boy fell from the tree. Gladio clamoribusque magister milites terrebat. The teacher with a sword and shouts was terrifying the soldiers. Fenestrā apertā, Maximus solem vīdit. When the window had been opened, he huge man saw the sun. The endings for the ablative case can be found in the declensions pages
Ablative of means When a non-human noun is used in the ablative case, without being related to a preposition or part of an ablative absolute, it is most likely an ablative of means. In the following sentences the ablative of means is underlined. N. B. We often translate the ablative of means as “with” in English. servus cibum carrō traxerat. The slave had brought the food by means of a cart. crevit arbor aquā soleque. The tree has grown by water and sun. ubi pellēbātur rupibus equus? Where was the horse being pelted with rocks
Ablative absolute n The ablative absolute is a phrase that gives background information for the rest of the sentence. The A. A. is two words in the ablative case, agreeing in number and gender as well. One word is usually a noun while the other is typically a participle. The translation will depend on the type of participle used. Exempla: Perfect participle passive, a. form or b. meaning turbīs occupatīs after the crowds were attacked filiō celato after the son was hidden urbe visā after the city was seen Present participle active, a. form or b. meaning asinīs ferentibus while the donkeys were carrying ducibus relinquentibus while the leaders were leaving coquō parante while the cook was preparing
Declensions Each noun is assigned to one of five declensions and only uses the case endings of that declension. The only way you know that a noun is in one declension (and not another) are the endings which it uses. If you know the nominative singular form and the accusative plural from, you can figure out all the other forms (with a few exceptions).
Declensions matter n n The word vacca (1 st declension) will always be vaccam when it is a singular direct object and vaccas when a plural direct object. The word taurus (2 nd declension) will always be taurum when it is a singular direct object and tauros when a plural direct object. The charts of the declension are found here: 1 st 2 nd neuter 4 th neuter 5 th 3 rd neuter
2 nd declension neuter Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular templ-um templ-ī templ-ō templ-um templ-ō Plural templ-a templ-ōrum templ-īs templ-a templ-īs
The first declension Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular vacc-ae vacc-am vacc-ā Plural vacc-ae vacc-arum vacc-īs vacc-ās vacc-īs
2 nd declension Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular taur-us* taur-ī taur-ō taur-um taur-ō Plural taur-ī taur-ōrum taur-īs taur-ōs taur-īs *some nominative singulars end in –r: puer, ager, vir, magister, and (except in puer) that -e- before the final –r disappears in the oblique cases agrum, magistrum
3 rd declension (mas/fem) Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular flos* flor-is flor-ī flor-em flor-e** Plural flor-ēs flor-um** flor-ibus flor-ēs floribus *The nominative singular ending is undefined. There is no set form **some words show -ium: navium, urbium, in the genitive plural, and a smaller group show –ī in the ablative singular.
3 rd declension neuter Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular caput capit-is capit-ī caput capit-e Plural capit-a* capit-um* capit-ibus capit-a* capitibus *Some words show –ia in the nominative and accusative plural and –ium in the genitive plural: animalia, animalium
4 th declension Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular lac-us lac-ūs lac-uī lac-um lac-ū Plural lac-ūs lac-uum lac-ibus lac-ūs lac-ibus
5 th declension Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Singular fid-ēs fid-ēī fid-em fid-ē Plural fid-ēs fid-ērum fid-ēbus
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