Chapter 6 Phrases Chapter 6 Grammar Safari n

Chapter 6 Phrases

Chapter 6: Grammar Safari n Find a ‘real-life’ complex verb phrase n Identify all of the components of the VP n n Auxillaries (modal, tense, HAVE, BE) & Main Draw out the tree to show us how it works You will need information from the later parts of the chapter to finish this one… Example n n I would have been going to see the movie. + VP tree (to be discussed…)

Subject & Predicate The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet.

Get Some Exercise n Underline the subjects below n n A lion ate an antelope under the tree. Students have always dreaded tests. Usually, people find Bill Crosby funny. Test yourself n Substitute a pronoun for the underlined section in each sentence above.

Exercise Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences Use tag or Y/N question tests 1. 2. n n The trees that covered the mountains were turning colors: yellow, red & purple. The test, which I had been dreading for weeks, turned out to be simple after all.

Phrase types & Constituency n Constituent n n Words that hang together Common Phrase Types n n NP VP ADJP ADVP the lamp might have been turned (on) (the) red and white polka dot (lamp) (the lamp shone) extremely brightly

Exercise n Divide and label: NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP n n n The mermaids lived under the sea. They were very happy. Sailors told ‘mermaid’ stories to their kids.

Parse the Sentence… Subject, Predicate; NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP (& PP, Rel. P) It suddenly occurred to Bob that the origin of life debate might run longer than expected.

Principle Verbal Inflections n Base form {Ø} n n n Simple Present Tense {-s} n n ‘BEFORE’ Present-Participle Form {ing} n n ‘NOW’ (Prototypically) Simple Past Tense {-ed} n n Follows “to” or “MODAL” No ‘time’ implications ‘ONGOING’ (AKA Progressive) Past Participle Form {-en} n ‘COMPLETED @ UNKNOWN TIME’

Base form “to”) n n (follows modal or It might _____ (something/good/well). She wants to _____ (something/good). (find 1 below)

Simple Present Tense {-s} n He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes. Remember… It’s not always “now”…

Simple Past Tense {-ed} n He _____ (something/good/well) then.

Present-Participle Form {ing} (AKA Progressive) n They are _____ (something/good/well) now.

Past Participle Form {-en} n We have [always] _____ (something/good/well).

Principle Verbal Inflections (English) n Base form n n n Simple Present Tense {-s} n n You _____ (something/good/well) then. Present-Participle Form {ing} (AKA Progressive) n n He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes. Simple Past Tense {-ed} n n It might _____ (something/good/well). She wants to _____ (something/good). They are _____ (something/good/well) now. Past Participle Form {-en} n We have [always] _____ (something/good/well).

Work It Out… n n Exercise 6. 4 Page 165 Answer these questions: 1. What form of verb follows BE? cf previous slide… 2. 3. 4. What form of verb follows HAVE? What form of verb follows a modal? Which verb (or helping verb) shows tense? 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd… 5. 6. NOTE: “Tense” in the ‘formal’ sense… What’s funky about tense with a modal? In what order do AUX verbs appear? st nd, rd

Main Verb Phrase Structure MVP AUX TENSE Present or Past (Modal) (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle) MV (BE + (-ing]) (Progressive)

Putting the Tree to Work… Past + Drive TENSE (Modal) MVP AUX (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle) Present or Past MV (BE + (-ing]) (Progressive) Drove

Putting the Tree to Work… MVP Past + HAVE + -en + drive Past + BE + -ing + drive Past + SHALL + BE + -ing + drive TENSE Present or Past (Modal) AUX (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle) MV (BE + (-ing]) (Progressive)

Parse the Verb Phrase Chuck should never have tried to teach his dog to drive. We won’t ‘parse’ the infinitives here…

Get Some Exercise n (6. 5) Write the following as normal English sentences: n I + past + come + to class today n Concerned students + pres + will + BE + [-ing] + study n Jo + past + shall + HAVE + [-en] + BE +[-ing] + eat

Get Some MORE Exercise (6. 7) Make sentences using the verb parts: Tense Modal HAVE+en n Joe past will ---- n Joe pres ---- H +en n Joe past may BE+ing B+ing H +en MV study ---- eat B+ing talk

Get Some Exercise (6. 6) Identify the verb parts: Tense, Modal, Have {+en}, BE {+ing}, Main Verb n All of the runners finished the race. n Fred is being friendly. n George should have been watching TV.

Passive… n Takes an Object makes it a Subject n n Called “voice” -- acts like ‘formal tense’ Rhetorical purpose… Confusability… Dave’s take… See pages 242 ff. .

Oldest tree in Versailles pulled down after 324 years n n Wed Feb 9, 11: 28 AM ET Science - AFP VERSAILLES, France (AFP) - The oldest tree in the grounds of the palace of Versailles -- Marie-Antoinette's oak -was pulled down more than 320 years after it was planted.

MVP Structure w/Passive MVP AUX TENSE Present or Past (Modal) (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle) (BE +[-ing]) (Progressive) MV (BE +[-en]) (Passive)

Active Passive Steps 1. 2. 3. The original D. O. becomes the subject BE + en is added to the verb (also “GET + en”) The original Subj is placed in a BY phrase *** Optional *** Boys ate | pizza was eaten by the the boys the

Same Idea – Different Focus Form 1 Form 2 Meaning 1

Descriptive Passive Rules 1. 2. 3. 4. A verb with no auxiliary is active When the main verb ends in –ing, it is active If an –en main verb is preceded by a form of HAVE, it is active If an –en main verb is preceded by a form of BE (or GET), it is passive

Reasons to use Passive n n n Don’t know the identity of the subject Know identity – don’t want to tell Identity is very obvious from context Identity isn’t important Focus on the object of activity Focus on the result of an activity

Applying the rules: A or P n n n The ball was thrown by Philip I finally finished my homework Amy’s car was stolen during the night I have eaten too much again We were studying for the exam

Wrapping It Up n Review Exercises (pg. 190 – 192) n Practical Applications (p. 192 – 193)

Coming Soon To a Classroom Near You… …Chapter 7: Basic Sentence Types…