NATS 101 Lecture 35 Penultimate Day Review Quiz

NATS 101 Lecture 35 Penultimate Day Review

Quiz Answer Keys • Answer keys for all of the quizzes (except the upcoming one!) will be posted on the homepage sometime this afternoon. • The old quizzes are very useful study guide since 40 questions on the Final Exam will be verbatim copies of prior quiz questions. • And speaking of the Final Exam…

Final Exam Exemptions • During class on Wednesday, 7 Dec 2005, written statements will be issued to students who earned an exemption from the final per criteria in the course syllabus. • To qualify for an exception, a student must have accumulated a total of 126 or more correct answers on all of their in class quizzes and pop quizzes. 90% 140 (7 quizzes 20 questions) = 126!

Final Exam Exemptions • The student must attend class on that day to receive their written exemption. • This will be only time and place that exemptions will be issued. • While this might seem overly intolerant, it keeps the situation manageable for me. No Show Wednesday = No Exemption!

Final Exam Exemptions • In lieu of taking the final exam, a qualified student can chose to hand in their exception statement with their signature immediately following class on 7 Dec 2005. • This is the only procedure that a student can use to “cash in” their exemption. NO EXCEPTIONS! (So Please…Don’t Even Ask)

Final Exam Exemptions • A tally of those students who qualify for an exemption will be complete by next class. • If you believe you have qualified for an exception but your name is not announced next class, then you must prove the mistake. • You do this by coming to my office ASAP. • Bring all of your graded quizzes. I can then verify if a mistake was made and issue, if needed, an exception (and apology!).

How to Challenge Your Final Grade • Keep all of your graded quizzes until the beginning of next term. Why? • It is your only proof that a mistake was made on your final grade. • It is your burden to prove a mistake.

How to Challenge Your Final Grade • If you believe a mistake was made, then come to my office early next semester and bring all of your graded quizzes. • I can then verify whether mistake was made and issue, if necessary, a grade change and a major suck-up apology!

Review Topics Chapter 1 • Weather Maps – Surface Plots/Maps – Upper Air Plots/Maps • Atmospheric Composition – Primary Gases – Trace Gases • Vertical Structure – Height Pressure, Density, Temperature – Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, etc.

Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3 • Temperature – Scales, Molecular Meaning • Heat Transfer – Conduction, Convection, Radiation • Radiation – Wien’s Law, Stephan-Boltzmann Law • Greenhouse Effect – Selective absorption and emission

Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3 • Diurnal Temperature Range – Time of Maximum and Minimum – Heat Balance Relationships and Time Lag • Seasons – Primary Cause: Tilt of Earth’s Axis • Length of Day, Beam Spreading – Heat Balance and Time Lag

Review Topics Chapter 4 • Moisture – Partial Pressure, Saturation Vapor Pressure – How Water Vapor is Measured and Parameters – How Condensation Occurs – Latent Heat Release • Clouds – Fog Types and Mechanisms – Cloud Types: Height and Vertical Development

Review Topics Chapter 5 • Stability – Stable, Unstable, Conditionally Unstable – Dry and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rates, – Environmental Lapse Rate and Stability • Precipitation Processes – Collision-Coalescence, Warm Clouds – Ice Crystal Process, Mixed Clouds – Accretion (Riming)-Splintering-Aggregation – Rain, Freezing Rain, Sleet, Snow

Review Topics Chapter 6 • Atmospheric Pressure – Ideal Gas Law – Reduction of Surface Pressure to Sea Level • Surface Maps, Upper Air Maps – Surface Isobars at Mean Sea Level – Upper Air Heights of Isobaric Surfaces

Review Topics Chapter 6 • Newton Law – Accelerated Frame of Reference – Coriolis Force – Geostrophic Balance and Winds • Surface Winds, Vertical Motion – Friction – Curved Flow Gradient Wind – Divergence-Convergence Vertical Motion

Review Topics Chapter 7 • Diurnal Winds – Land-Sea Breeze – Mountain-Valley Breeze – Thermally Direct Circulation • Monsoons: Annual Reversal Wind – Analogue of Land-Sea Breeze – Asia Monsoon Strongest – Mexican Monsoon – Thermally Direct Circulation

Review Topics Chapter 7 • Global Circulation – Equator-Pole Temperature Difference – Thermally Direct Circulation – 3 -Cell Circulation Earth’s Rotation • Hadley, Ferrell, Polar • Relation to Climate Zones • Air-Sea Interactions – Upwelling – El Nino

Review Topics Chapter 8 • Air Masses – Classified by Source Region • Continental-Maritime, Tropics-Polar – Characteristic Weather • Fronts – Types: Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded – Characteristic Weather and Structure

Review Topics Chapter 8 • Midlatitude Cyclones – Caused by Temperature Gradients – Role of Upper-Level Divergence – Structure • Trough tilts toward the west with increasing height

Review Topics Chapter 9 • Weather Forecasting – Simple Types • Persistence, Trend, Analog Climatology – Numerical Weather Prediction • Computer models • Why all Forecasts Go Awry – NWP shortcomings – Chaos

Review Topics Chapter 10 • Thunderstorms – Types: Air Mass, Severe, Supercell – Role of Downdraft – Climatology • Lightning and Thunder – In-Cloud versus Cloud-to-Ground – Sequence for Cloud-to-Ground Stroke – Cause of Thunder – Speed of Sound

Review Topics Chapter 10 • Tornadoes – Cause • Tilting of Rotation from horizontal to vertical axis – Characteristic Weather – Climatology – Damage

Review Topics Chapter 11 • Hurricanes – Cause: Energy from Warm Ocean – Structure – Development Sequence – Climatology – Damage • Winds, Rain Flooding, Coastal Storm Surge

Review Topics Chapter 12 • Air Pollution – Primary Pollutants • CO, NO, SO 2, VOC’s, PM – Secondary Pollutants • H 2 SO 4, NHO 3, NO 2, O 3, SMOG – Pollution Weather • Inversion, Weak Winds, Sunny, Hot • Ventilation Factor – Acid Rain • p. H Rain (5. 6 Pristine)

Review Topics Chapter 12 • Ozone Hole – Natural balance of stratospheric ozone – How CFC ‘s disrupt balance- chlorine atoms • CFC Sources, Resident Time – Special conditions exist in Antarctica – Annual cycle of Ozone Hole

Review Topics Chapter 14 • Natural Climate Variability – Climate always changes – Use proxy data to reconstruct past climate – CO 2 -temperature relationship – Mechanisms of climate change • Milankovich Theory of Ice Ages • Continental Drift on Geologic Time Scales – Complexity of climate – Positive and Negative Feedback

Review Topics Chapter 14 • Anthroprogenic Climate Variability – Confident of warming past 150 years – How much (if any) is man-made? – Mechanism: CO 2 and Greenhouse effect – Use climate models to produce future climates – 1% per annum CO 2 increases produce • 2 C temperature rise • Precipitation much more uncertain – Key policy and planning questions?

Assignment Next Lecture • Announce Final Exemptions • Overview of Final Exam • Information on “What Score on Final is Needed to Improve Course Grade”? • Student Course Evaluations