MUTATIONS Mutations Mutation is a change in the

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MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS

Mutations Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. › The mutation may be

Mutations Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. › The mutation may be classified as: chromosomal or gene mutations › Some mutations are harmful, but most are beneficial.

Gene Mutation affects only one gene on an individual chromosome. Gene mutations that result

Gene Mutation affects only one gene on an individual chromosome. Gene mutations that result in a change to only one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations. There are 2 types of point mutations:

Substitutions One nucleotide in a gene is replaced with a different nucleotide. EX: Codon

Substitutions One nucleotide in a gene is replaced with a different nucleotide. EX: Codon UGU is changed to UGC, resulting amino acid is still Leucine May have little or no effect, OR May have a drastic effect. If UGU is changed to UGA, protein synthesis would stop early.

Frameshift Mutations Involve the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide › An insertion or

Frameshift Mutations Involve the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide › An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the reading of the remainder of the codons; therefore, the translation of the remainder of the m. RNA is altered › This will usually result in tremendous changes in the polypeptide chain and completed protein

Chromosomal Mutation Involves the number or structure of the entire chromosome. (Affects all genes

Chromosomal Mutation Involves the number or structure of the entire chromosome. (Affects all genes on that chromosome!) These errors generally occur during meiosis or mitosis

Chromosomal Mutation May result in number disorder (extra chromosome or deleted chromosome), or insertion,

Chromosomal Mutation May result in number disorder (extra chromosome or deleted chromosome), or insertion, deletion, or translocation of a piece of chromosome and the corresponding genetic information.

Examples of Chromosomal Mutations

Examples of Chromosomal Mutations

Causes of Mutations Some mutations arise spontaneously Others are caused by: 1. Mutagens –

Causes of Mutations Some mutations arise spontaneously Others are caused by: 1. Mutagens – environmental agents such as x-rays and gamma rays that can cause a mutation to the DNA. 2. Carcinogens – cancer causing agents such as asbestos, benzene (found in detergents, plastics, paints), and other pollutants.

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