Module I Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization

Module I Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization

What is a Computer ? ? ?

Definition: Cambridge • It is an electronic machine that is used for storing, organizing, and finding words, numbers, and pictures, for doing calculations, and for controlling other machines

Definition • It is a fast electronic calculating machine that – accepts digitized input information – process it according to a list of internally stored information and – produces the resulting output information

Syllabus

Pre-requisites • Fundamentals of Computer • Digital Logic Circuits • Programming Languages (C, C++, Java)

Module 1 • Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization: • Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture. • Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units. • Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model. • Performance measure of Computer Architecture. • Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

Module 1 • Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization: • Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture. • Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units. • Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model. • Performance measure of Computer Architecture. • Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

Module 2 • Data Representation and Arithmetic Algorithms: • Number representation: Binary Data representation, two’s complement representation and Floating‐point representation. IEEE 754 floating point number representation. • Integer Data computation: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication: Signed multiplication, Booth’s algorithm, Division of integers: Restoring and non‐ restoring division, Floating point arithmetic: Addition, subtraction

Module 3 • Processor Organization and Architecture: • CPU Architecture, Register Organization , Instruction formats, basic instruction cycle. Instruction interpretation and Sequencing. • Control Unit: Soft wired (Micro‐programmed) and hardwired control unit design methods. Microinstruction sequencing and execution. Micro operations, concepts of nano programming. • Introduction to RISC and CISC architectures and design issues. • Case study on 8085 microprocessor: Features, architecture, pin configuration and addressing modes.

Module 4 • Memory Organization: • Introduction to Memory and Memory parameters. Classifications of primary and secondary memories. Types of RAM and ROM, Allocation policies, Memory hierarchy and characteristics. Cache memory: Concept, architecture (L 1, L 2, L 3), mapping • techniques. Cache Coherency, Interleaved and Associative Memory Virtual Memory: Concept, Segmentation and Paging , Page replacement policies.

Module 5 • I/O Organization and Peripherals: • Input/output systems, I/O modules and 8089 IO processor. • Types of data transfer techniques: Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O and DMA. • Peripheral Devices: Introduction to peripheral devices, scanner, plotter, joysticks, touch pad.

Module 6 • • § § § Introduction to parallel processing systems: Introduction to parallel processing concepts • Flynn’s classifications • pipeline processing • instruction pipelining, • pipeline stages • Pipeline hazards.

Text Books • 1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, Fifth Edition, Tata Mc. Graw‐ Hill. • 2. John P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition. • 3. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance”, Eighth Edition, Pearson. • 4. B. Govindarajulu, “Computer Architecture and Organization: Design Principles and Applications”, Second Edition, Tata Mc. Graw‐Hill.

Reference Books • 1. Dr. M. Usha, T. S. Srikanth, “Computer System Architecture and Organization”, First Edition, Wiley‐ India. • 2. “Computer Organization” by ISRD Group, Tata Mc. Graw‐Hill. • 3. Ramesh Gaonkar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085, Fifth Edition, Penram.

Termwork • Term work should consist of at least 08 experiments. • Journal must include at least 2 assignments. • The final certification and acceptance of term work ensures that satisfactory performance • of laboratory work and minimum passing marks in term work. • Term Work: 25 Marks ( total marks ) = – 15 Marks ( Experiment ) + – 5 Marks ( Assignment ) + – 5 (Attendance (theory+practical)) • oral exam will be based on the above syllabus.

My Computer

Lenovo Desktop • • • Name & Model : Intel Core i 3‐ 2120 CPU Speed : 3. 3 GHz RAM : 2 GB 32‐bit Operating System Hard disk : 320 GB HOW MANY CORES ARE IN YOUR MOBILE?

Micro architecture • It is a description of the electrical circuitry of a computer central processing unit that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of the hardware.

Types of Computers • • • Desktop & Mobile Notebook Workstations Mainframes Servers Supercomputers

DESKTOP COMPUTERs • It has – Processing & Storage units(e. g. Hard disks, CD‐ROMs), – visual display &audio output units, – Input units ( keyboard, mouse, etc) • It can be easily located on a home or office desk • Used in homes, schools, business offices, …

NOTEBOOK COMPUTERs • Compact form of personal computer (laptop) • Size of a thin briefcase • Portable

WORKSTATIONs • Has high resolution graphics input/output capability • Has dimensions of desktop computer • More computational power than PC • Costlier • Used to solve complex problems which arises in engineering application

Mainframe • Also called Enterprise Systems • More computational power and storage than Workstation • Used for business data processing in medium to large corporations.

Servers • Contain big database storage units. • Handles large volumes of data requests • Requests and responses are transported via Internet • They are widely accessible to all.

Supercomputers • Faster than mainframes • Helps in large scale numerical calculations • Used for aircraft design and testing, military application, weather forecasting, etc.

Quiz

Question : 01 • The acronym PC stands for: A. Private Computer B. Personal Computer C. Personal Compact

Question : 02 • Complex scientific research is usually done using: A. Mainframe Computer B. Super Computer C. Mini Computer

Question : 03 • A laptop is an example for Personal Computer A. True B. False

Question : 04 • Which is not a Personal Computer A. Desktop B. Laptop C. Mainframe D. Tablet

Question : 05 • Mainframes are very cheap A. True B. False

This course is about: • What computers consist of • How computers work • How they are organized internally • What are the design tradeoffs • How design affects programming and applications • How to fix computers • How to build myself one real cheap • Which one to buy • Knowing all about the core i 3, i 5, i 7

Introduction of Computer Architecture and Organization

University Question • Differentiate between Computer Architecture and Organization (05 Marks)

Computer Architecture • Defn: It refers to the attributes of a system visible to a programmer that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program • E. g. : Instruction set, No. of bits for various datatypes, …

Computer Organization • Defn: It refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. • E. g. Interfaces, Memory Used, …

Example Architectural Issue Organizational Issue • Whether to have multiply instruction? • Whether to include a multiply unit or go for repeated addition?