M Militarism A factor leading to war was

M: Militarism • A factor leading to war was a growing arms race. • Each country in Europe built a large army or navy. • Preparing and glorifying war is called militarism. Question: How did imperialism contribute to militarism? HINT: resources & industry

A: Alliances • Nations formed alliances, promising to protect each other against attack. • Fear and distrust grew out of certain alliances. • By 1914, Europe had two heavily armed rival camps ready for war • No one wanted war, but everyone was getting ready to fight.

I: Imperialism • Imperialism was another force that helped lead to war • European nations were each seeking to control parts of Africa and Asia • Mistrust was a huge problem

Examples of nationalism: N: Nationalism Ø“All German-speaking peoples are Germans and should live • Force that helped unify the in Germany!!” people of a country. • Nationalism is the idea of the Ø“nation” which is based on a “French is the official language of France and all French shared language, culture, citizens should speak it!!” and/or shared values within a specific ethnic group. • Membership in a nation is usually involuntary and determined by birth. • ØNationalism created Question: How could nationalism lead to conflicts between competition between countries nations? HINT: What if Spain believed all Spanish speaking peoples should be a part of Spain? ØQuestion: How could nationalism lead to conflict WITHIN a country? HINT: Should English be the official language of the United States? ØQuestion: What do you think life is like for people who don’t belong to the “nation” but live among those who do?

Forces that Pushed The World Toward War Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Arms race to build bigger armies and navies Defense agreements creates two rival camps Rivalries among Britain, Germany, and France Pride in military and industry among European nations Need to be ready for war Uniting of Central Powers Competition for colonies and land in Africa and Asia French anger toward Germany for earlier loss in Franco. Prussian War Image of war as glorious Uniting of Allies Growing power of military leaders Nationalist movement in the Balkans Russian loyalty to all Slavic people

One Side—the Triple Alliance • Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, feared that France would want revenge for its defeat in a previous war. • His goal was to isolate France • In 1879 he formed a Triple Alliance— Germany, Austria. Hungary and Italy • He also signed a treaty with Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm II • Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany did not want to share power with Bismarck • He forced Bismarck to resign and followed his own foreign policy. • He let the agreement with Russia end. • Now, Germany would have to fight enemies on its eastern and western borders—two front war • Wilhelm then moved to make the German navy larger. Kaiser Wilhelm II

The other side—the Triple Entente • Britain grew alarmed with the idea of a German navy that could rival their naval superiority. • Britain then entered into an alliance with France and Russia called the Triple Entente

Two Rival Camps TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany Austria-Hungary Italy TRIPLE ENTENTE Britain France Russia

The Balkans – “The Powder Keg” of Europe

The Balkans— “Powder Keg” of Europe • By June 1914, trouble was brewing in an eastern region of Europe known as the Balkans (The Ottoman Empire controlled this area, but it was breaking apart. ) • Both Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted some of this land. • In 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the province of Bosnia. Herzegovina, where many Slavic people lived. • This action angered the Kingdom of Serbia (a Slavic nation), and the Slavs that lived in Bosnia • The Slavs felt Bosnia should belong to Serbia rather than to Austria-Hungary example: Nationalism

2 The Balkans— “Powder Keg” of Europe In 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced he would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. • At the time, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria. Hungary. But it was also the home of many Serbs and other Slavs. News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists. • They viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors….

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • On June 28 th, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife are assassinated as they drove through the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, by a Serbian nationalist. Gavrilo Princip kills the Archduke and his wife

Assassination Serbia sought help from Russia, the champion of Slavic nations. When Austria refused to soften its demands, Russia began to mobilize. Germany responded by declaring war on Russia. Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum, or final set of demands. Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms of Austria’s ultimatum. As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia. Germany offered full support to Austria-Hungary. Instead of urging restraint, Kaiser Wilhelm gave Austria a “blank check. ”” Russia appealed to its ally France offered full support to Russia, prompting Germany to declare war on France. Question: Why do you think Germany did not do more to make peace between Austria and Serbia, but instead chose to draw Russia into a larger war?

NOTE: Germany miscalculated. It believed that Britain would stay neutral if a major land war in Europe broke out. • • Alliances came into play. Germany stood by Austria-Hungary Russia, a Slavic nation, backed Serbia France came to the aid of it’s ally Russia • On August 3, 1914, Germany attacked Belgium as a path to France. • An angry Britain declared war on Germany • The Great War (WWI) had begun!

Germany • Felt it must stand behind its ally Austria-Hungary • Blamed Serbia for terrorism • Wanted to crush Serbian nationalism Russia Who was to blame for World War I? Britain • Felt a duty to protect Belgium • Feared power of Germany • Supported Serbia because they were both Slavic people France • Backed Russia (Alliance)

• Use the back of your packet for the next three slides. • Slide 21 - 49 will be done in the Note Book

Central Powers • Question: Who seems to be missing from the Central The system of alliances Powers? HINT: Look back at who was in the Triple Alliance. turned the war between Austria-Hungary and Why do you think that country bailed out of the Triple Serbia into a larger war. Alliance? • On one side the Central Powers would fight together in a new alliance Italy broke its treaty with Germany and Austria because it that was made up of: said that the alliance was defensive and that Austria– Germany Hungary was the aggressor. Later, Italy will join the Allies – Austria-Hungary – Ottoman Empire because it wants some of Austria’s territory. – Bulgaria

Allied Powers (Allies) • The Allied Powers joined together to fight against the Central Powers. Also called the Allies, they were: – – Britain France Russia Japan

Title : New Technologies of WW I COMPLETE NOTES IN THE NOTE BOOK

World War I Technology: Automatic Machine Gun • A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult to advance into enemy territory.

World War I Technology: Airplane • A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped with a machine gun. At first the planes were used mainly for observation. Later, “flying aces” engaged in individual combat, though such “dogfights” had little effect on the war.

World War I Technology: Submarines/U-Boats • These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat attacks helped bring the United States into the war.

World War I Technology: Tank • Tanks were invented during World War I to overcome the tactic of trench warfare. • Protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses • Early tanks were slow and clumsy

World War I Technology: Poison Gas • Gases that caused choking, blinding or severe skin blisters • Lobbed into enemy trenches, killing or disabling troops. Gas masks lessened the importance of poison gas.

Poisonous Mustard Gas being dropped into the trenches from airplanes

Gas masks were new parts of Soldier’s equipment because of the introduction of chemical warfare (Mustard poison gas)

Training soldiers to put on their gas masks

Machine guns kept soldiers in trench warfare for long periods of time

Airplanes were introduced in the war in 1915. At first they used hand guns but then started mounting machine guns and small explosives for ammunition.

A German Tank: Tanks were very useful and deadly

Bloody Stalemate along the Western Front • Heavy fighting took place on the Western Front—a 600 -mile stretch of land from the English Channel to Switzerland. • The Germans hoped for an early victory (Schlieffen Plan), however, French and British troops stopped them.

Bloody Stalemate along the Western Front • Trench warfare began —both sides dug and fought from deep trenches. • Powerful machine guns killed most who came out to fight, which prevented either side from advancing for four years

“No Man’s Land” • Between the opposing trenches lay “no man’s land” • Sooner or later, soldiers would have to obey the order to go “over the top” and charge into “no man’s land” and in most cases certain death. “Over the top” The dead left behind in “no man’s land”

Old Trench Enemy’s new Trench No Man’s Land (Space in between) Your new Trench Old Trench

To Enemy’s Trench

4 Total Warring nations engaged in total war, the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort. ->impact? • Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport and supply huge fighting forces. • All nations except Britain imposed universal military conscription, or “the draft. ” • Governments raised taxes, borrowed money, and rationed (limited) food and other products.

Total War • Both sides waged a propaganda war. Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.

A B

C D

Women at War • With so many men in the military, women played a growing role in the economy of a country at war. • They worked in factories to build planes, tanks, and artillery. • These changes had an impact on people’s attitude toward what kind of work women could do • Eventually they get the right to vote in some countries like Britain and the United States after the war was over. . Women workers at a British artillery plant

Why did the United States Enter the War? • German submarines were attacking merchant and passenger ships heading towards Britain. • Many were carrying American citizens. • This was called unrestricted submarine warfare—the sinking of any ship without warning. • In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania, killing 1, 200 passengers, including 120 Americans. The liner Lusitania sinks after a U-boat attack, May 1915

4 Why Did the United States Enter the War? • When American ships were sunk and lives were lost, the American people grew angry. Question: What do you think some Americans who • wanted to stay out of the war said about the Then in early 1917, the British intercepted a telegram Zimmerman Note and the British? HINT: Why do you sent by German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman— think the British showed us the telegram? (Zimmerman Note) It revealed that, in exchange for Mexican support, Germany had offered to help Mexico reconquer New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona, if Mexico would take up arms against the United States. • In April 1917, Congress declared war on Germany

Why did the Allies Win the War? • By 1917, suffering during the war chipped away at the Russian people’s support for the czar (ruler). • In October, a revolution broke out, Communists seized Russia’s government, and the new leader V. I. Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany. • Russia’s withdrawal was good news for the Central Powers. • However, there was good news for the Allies too. The United States had entered the war with fresh troops and supplies giving the Allies a new advantage. • By late 1918, the other Central Powers had given up and Germany stood alone. They asked for an end to the fighting. • on November 11, 1918, an armistice—or agreement to end fighting, was declared. • The Great War was over

5 Europe in 1914 and 1920 1914 1920 • As Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the war, world leaders met in Paris to craft a peace treaty. • In 1919, the conference had drawn up the Treaty of Versailles. In it: – – It blamed Germany for the war. Germany had to pay $30 billion in reparations—payment for war damages Germany had to disarm most of it’s military, and give up valuable land New nations were formed on land that had belonged to Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany – The League of Nations—an international organization to settle future problems without war was formed.

5 Widespread Dissatisfaction Eastern Europe remained a center of conflict. Colonized peoples from Africa to the Middle East and across Asia were angry that self-determination (right to form their own government) was not applied to them. Italy was angry because it did not get all the lands promised in a secret treaty with the Allies. Japan was angry that western nations refused to honor its claims in China. Russia resented the reestablishment of a Polish nation and three Baltic states on lands that had been part of the Russian empire.

Quiz I The Great War

Question #1 What was one result of militarism? A. B. C. D. Economic rivalry Imperialism An arms race War in the Balkans

#1 What was one result of militarism? A. B. C. D. Economic rivalry Imperialism An arms race War in the Balkans

Question #2 What was the main intention of the alliances formed among European nations A. To create trading opportunities B. To protect one another from outside attacks C. To isolate the United States D. To increase tensions in Europe

#2 What was the main intention of the alliances formed among European nations A. To create trading opportunities B. To protect one another from outside attacks C. To isolate the United States D. To increase tensions in Europe

Question #3 Which of the following helped to start World War I A. B. C. D. A poor economy The United States An environmental disaster An assassination

#3 Which of the following helped to start World War I A. B. C. D. A poor economy The United States An environmental disaster An assassination

Question #4 Why did the British declare war on Germany? A. B. C. D. To protect Belgium To punish Serbia To challenge Italian neutrality To gain territory

#4 Why did the British declare war on Germany? A. B. C. D. To protect Belgium To punish Serbia To challenge Italian neutrality To gain territory

Question #5 World War I was the first A. B. C. D. Technological war Weaponless war European war British war

#5 World War I was the first A. B. C. D. Technological war Weaponless war European war British war

QUIZ II WORLD WAR I

Question #1 Why was it difficult to gain an advantage over the enemy in trench warfare? A. Too many soldiers died of disease in the trenches. B. The machine gun made it nearly impossible for troops to advance C. No weapons were used. D. Too few soldiers were willing to kill enemy soldiers

#1 Why was it difficult to gain an advantage over the enemy in trench warfare? A. Too many soldiers died of disease in the trenches. B. The machine gun made it nearly impossible for troops to advance C. No weapons were used. D. Too few soldiers were willing to kill enemy soldiers

Question #2 Which of the following helped the Allies during the final years of the war? A. The involvement of the United States B. The Russian revolution C. The waging of total war D. The battle of Gallipoli

#2 Which of the following helped the Allies during the final years of the war? A. The involvement of the United States B. The Russian revolution C. The waging of total war D. The battle of Gallipoli

Question #3 Which of the following helped turn World War I into a global war? • • The machine gun The airplane The submarine Poison gas

#3 Which of the following helped turn World War I into a global war? • • The machine gun The airplane The submarine Poison gas

Question #4 Because so many men went to fight in the war, factories employed A. B. C. D. Children Very young men Women Slaves

#4 Because so many men went to fight in the war, factories employed A. B. C. D. Children Very young men Women Slaves

Question #5 Propaganda was used to A. B. C. D. Build trenches Poison soldiers Build patriotism Protect women and children

#5 Propaganda was used to A. B. C. D. Build trenches Poison soldiers Build patriotism Protect women and children

Question #6 The United States was enraged by A. Germany’s attempt to ally with Mexico B. Germany’s attempt to ally with Cuba C. Latin-American support of Germany D. German spies in the United States.

#6 The United States was enraged by A. Germany’s attempt to ally with Mexico B. Germany’s attempt to ally with Cuba C. Latin-American support of Germany D. German spies in the United States.

Question #7 Which of the following ended Russia’s involvement in World War I? A. B. C. D. The Treaty of Versailles The Battle of Moscow The attack of the Luisitania A revolution

#7 Which of the following ended Russia’s involvement in World War I? A. B. C. D. The Treaty of Versailles The Battle of Moscow The attack of the Luisitania A revolution

Question #8 What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort? A. B. C. D. Industrial war World war Total war Uncontrolled war

#8 What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort? A. B. C. D. Industrial war World war Total war Uncontrolled war

Question #9 What action on November 11, 1918 brought World War I to an end? A. B. C. D. A surrender was given A propaganda campaign was waged The allies won a major battle An armistice was signed

#9 What action on November 11, 1918 brought World War I to an end? A. B. C. D. A surrender was given A propaganda campaign was waged The allies won a major battle An armistice was signed

Question #10 Who was blamed for the war under the Treaty of Versailles? A. B. C. D. Austria-Hungary Serbia Germany Russia

#10 Who was blamed for the war under the Treaty of Versailles? A. B. C. D. Austria-Hungary Serbia Germany Russia