Nobody can go back and start a new

“Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending. ” - Maria Robinson Cats can hear ultrasound.

World War I: The Causes of the Great War

Europe on the Eve of the War

n n Nationalism in Europe (2: 23)

#1: Nationalism n Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation. n The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. n Aspirations for national independence in a country under foreign domination.

Nationalism n The feeling of Nationalism that unified Germany in 1871 continued into the 20 th Century; the Germans wanted to expand. n French Nationalists wanted revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace-Lorraine in the 1870 -1871 Franco-Prussian War.

Alsace-Lorraine

Nationalism n In Austria-Hungary, Slavic nationalism was gathering strength under the concept of Pan-Slavism. n Pan-Slavism: Slavs had a historic mission to develop their culture and to unite into an empire. n It would be the Serbian Slavs’s actions that would eventually trigger WWI.

Nationalism n Aus-Hun feared the Serbian unrest in the Balkans would destabilize and break up the empire. n The Serbian nationalists wanted to establish the Yugoslav (“Pan-Slavism”) state with Serbia as the center. n In response to this nationalism, Aus-Hun annexed the Slavic territories of Bosnia. Herzegovina which sparked the Balkan Wars.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

The Balkan Wars n 1 st Balkan War 1912: Serbs wanted to annex Albania but were unsuccessful. n 2 nd Balkan War 1913: Albania became independent which frustrated Serbians even more. n What did this war show? : the level of nationalism among Serbs, the weakness of Russia (Serbian-Ally (Russo-Jap. War 19041905), and the weakening Aus-Hun Empire.

n Building Global Empires and Military Alliances [01: 46]

#2: Imperialism n Imperialism was an outgrowth of the Industrialization occurring in the European powers. n Industrialization caused many of these European powers to enter into fierce competition with each other. n Part of the competition was imperialism: The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.

Imperialism n Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria. Hungary, Russia, and Italy sought to acquire new markets and to establish and expand global empires. n G. B. : sea lanes, France: Morocco, Germany: Ottoman Empire, Aus-Hun. : Balkans/Aegean Sea, Russia: Bosporus / Dardanelles. n Competition turned to hostility as one power crossed another in its efforts to accomplish its goals.

#3: Militarism n The rise of tensions through imperialism, industrialization, and nationalism brought with it a rise in militarism. n Militarism: the glorification of war and the military. n With militarism, the competition between the European countries drastically increased. The European nations began comparing their capabilities to wage war.

Militarism n With militarism, diplomats sought to win new allies, military leaders called for increased military spending, and after 1870 all the powers except G. B. enacted conscription. n Conscription: the compulsory call-up of civilians for military service and universal military training. n With each nations’ efforts in build up, the other nations would react accordingly.

#4: The Entangling Alliances n With militarism, alliances between the European powers began to harden. n 1879: Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1882: Italy joins Germany and Aus-Hun. (Triple Alliance). 1894: France and Russia. 1904: France and G. B. (Entente Cordiale), then later the Triple Entente (Fr. , G. B. , and Russ. ). n n n

The Entangling Alliances

The Entangling Alliances

The Entangling Alliances n By 1907, the powers of Europe had aligned themselves into two opposing organizations: Triple Alliance (Germ. , Aus-Hun. , and Italy) vs. Triple Entente (G. B. , Fr. , and Russ. ). n Rather than make these countries feel secure, it only increased their anxiety; if one country went to war, their allies would be obliged to provide assistance.

#5: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

#5: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand n December 18, 1863 - June 28, 1914. n Heir to the Aus-Hun throne. n On June 28, 1914 at approximately 11: 00 am, Franz his wife were killed in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro. Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina. n Their assassination was organized by a group of Serbian nationalists known as the Black Hand.

Gavrilo Princip

The Assassination that Sparked the War n Franz Ferdinand planned, upon becoming emperor, to give the Slavs of Bosnia. Herzegovina and other parts of the empire a voice in the government equal to that of the Austrians and Hungarians. n This assassination caused Austria-Hungry to declare war on Serbia; thusly WWI begins.

n 1914: Austria-Hungary Declares War Against Serbia [01: 26]