Jacksonian Democracy Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri

Jacksonian Democracy

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Themes Monroe Doctrine Rise of Andrew Jackson

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Bellwork Does having multiple political parties benefit the nation? Why or why not?

Era of Good Feelings Name given to era of James Monroe’s Presidency Democratic. Republicans dominated National politics

American System Proposed by Henry Clay Federal support for internal improvements New National Bank (Second Bank of the U. S. ) Tariffs (Taxes on imports) to protect U. S. industries

The Era of Good Feelings and the American System Check Up! 1. With out a major political rival, the Dem. -Republicans began to criticize each other. Why do you think this is? 2. Why might some oppose the American System? 3. Does this reflect a need for a two party system

Check Up! 1. With out a major political rival, the Dem. Republicans began criticize each other. Why do you think this is? 2. Why might some oppose the American System? 3. Does this reflect a need for a two party system? 4. How did sectional tension play a role in the Era of Good Feelings?

Missouri Crisis 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state The balance between the 11 free states and 11 slaves states would be broken

Who Had the Solution A compromise was needed to resolve the crisis Who: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House of Rep. )

Missouri Compromise 1820 -1821 Missouri entered the Union as a slave state Maine entered the Union as a free state This maintained the balance between free and slave states (kept balance in Senate)

Missouri Compromise 1820 -1821 Missouri entered the Union as a slave state Maine entered the Union as a free state This maintained the balance between free and slave states (kept balance in Senate) In future, slavery was abolished in the Louisiana Territories north of the 36⁰ 30’ line

Missouri Compromise 1820 -1821 Established: Congress had the power to limit slavery in territories Importance: Foreshadowed future conflicts between N. and S.

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Foreign Affairs John Q. Adams served as Monroe’s Secretary of State Oregon Territory

Oregon Country Br. and Am. both claimed territory Agreed to joint occupation of the region Opened Oregon to U. S. settlement

Foreign Affairs John Q. Adams served as Monroe’s Secretary of State Oregon Territory Spain and Florida

Spain and Florida General Andrew Jackson led U. S. forces into Florida He occupied two Spanish forts and had two Br. Citizens hanged

Spain and Florida General Andrew Jackson led U. S. forces into Florida He occupied two Spanish forts and had two Br. Citizens hanged Adams/Onis Treaty Spain ceded Florida to U. S. renounced claims to Texas Spain gave up claims to Oregon

Foreign Affairs John Q. Adams served as Monroe’s Secretary of State Oregon Territory Spain and Florida Monroe Doctrine Goal was to strengthen peace with Great Britain and secure American borders.

Monroe Doctrine Spanish colonies gained independence European powers may try to take these territories

Monroe Doctrine Spanish colonies gained independence European powers may try to take these territories Russia’s exploration of the Oregon Territory

Monroe Doctrine European powers cannot interfere with independence nations in the western hemisphere New Europeans colonization in the western hemisphere was prohibited the U. S. would stay out of European affairs

Significance of the Monroe Doctrine This was the foundation of U. S. foreign policy Declared the Western hemisphere within the zone of influence of the U. S. and Europe should stay out.

Check Up! 1. With out a major political rival, the Dem. Republicans began criticize each other. Why do you think this is? 2. Why might some oppose the American System? 3. Does this reflect a need for a two party system? 4. How did sectional tension play a role in the Era of Good Feelings? 5. How did the U. S. claim dominance over much of the western hemisphere during the Era of Good Feelings?

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Presidential Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson (Tennessee): Hero of New Orleans John Q. Adams (Massachusetts): Secretary of State William Crawford (Georgia): Treasury Secretary Henry Clay (Kentucky): Speaker of the House

Presidential Election of 1824

Presidential Election of 1824

If no candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes “The Corrupt Bargain” House chose Adams to be President (Clay helped Adams win) Adams then picked Clay to be Secretary of State

John Q. Adams Presidency Appearance of corruption hurt presidency Experience: Diplomat, Senator, Secretary of State Proposals met fierce opposition

The Party Splits Original Electoral System Most states - State Legislatures selectors Few states - Popular election choses electors New Electoral System Few states - State Legislatures selectors Most states - Popular election choses electors

The Party Splits Democrats form Select Jackson as candidate

Election of 1828 Democrats form Select Jackson as candidate Accusations Adams – gambler and promoted prostitution Jackson – Illiterate and married to an adulterer

Election of 1828 Jackson won Era of good feelings (political civility) had ended Spoils system had begun

Check Up! 1. With out a major political rival, the Dem. -Republicans began criticize each other. Why do you think this is? 2. Why might some oppose the American System? 3. Does this reflect a need for a two party system? 4. How did sectional tension play a role in the Era of Good Feelings? 5. How did the U. S. claim dominance over much of the western hemisphere during the Era of Good Feelings? 6. Will a one party system inevitably lead to the creation of a second party?

Cause Event Era of Good Feelings Consequences

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Bellwork Happy Halloween Which would you prefer: a government of the best, brightest and most able Americans? Or a government of democratically elected people that represent the will of the people?

Jacksonian Democracy Elimination of property qualifications to vote Popular Vote receives state electorate

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Jackson – Role of the National Government Side note to Jackson, he hated paper money. Fought to have it eliminated. Tariffs and Force Bill – National Law is supreme

Tariff of Abominations Congress passed protective tariff in 1828 It was unpopular in the South Raised the cost of manufactured items Other nations established tariffs hurting Am. exports in response

Jackson – Role of the National Government nullification crisis, in U. S. history, confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832– 33 over the former’s attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The resolution of the nullification crisis in favour of the federal government helped to undermine the nullification doctrine, the constitutional theory that upheld the right of states to nullify federal acts within their boundaries.

Tariff of Abominations South Carolina Responds South Carolina Exposition and Protest Claim – Tariff was unconstitutional Claim – States could nullify tariffs Author - John C. Calhoun – the Vice President

Tariff of Abominations – Nullification Crisis Jackson rejected nullification Calhoun resigned as V. P. Compromise 1833 New tariff that fixed many of the problems Force Bill: allowed Pres. To use force to collect tariff revenues if needed Deal was brokered by Henry Clay

Jackson – Role of the National Government Tariffs and Force Bill – National Law is supreme National Bank of the United States – No to special interests/strict interpretation

Bank Crisis Believed nat. bank caused the Panic of 1819

Bank Crisis Believed nat. bank caused the Panic of 1819 Jackson vetoed its renewal in 1832 Declared that the bank was unconstitutional Federal money was withdrawn and placed in state banks (pet banks) In 1836 Bank of the U. S. died

Source: Andrew Jackson's veto message (July 10, 1832) I sincerely regret that in the act before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country. : . . The present Bank of the United States. . . enjoys an exclusive privilege of banking, . . . almost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange. It appears that more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class. Of the twenty-five directors of this bank five are chosen by the Government and twenty by the citizen stockholders. . It is easy to conceive that great evils to our country and its institutions might flow from such a concentration of power in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people. Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country? It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.

Jackson – Role of the National Government Tariffs and Force Bill – National Law is supreme National Bank of the United States – No to special interests/strict interpretation Specie Circular – Sound money supply

Specie Circular July 1836 Declared that only specie could be used to purchase public lands

Panic of 1837 Financial depression Causes Pet Banks tripled money supply (No Nat. Bank to regulate) Specie Circular created money shortage Over production of crops/protective tariffs 800 banks closed down, thus freezing credit

Check Up! How does this political cartoon reflect Jackson’s perception on the role of the national government? How did the Panic of 1837 illustrate some of the faults in this system. Democratic cartoon from 1833 showing Jackson destroying the bank, to the approval of the Uncle Sam like figure to the right, and annoyance of the bank's president, shown as the Devil himself

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Limits to Jacksonian Democracy Jackson was a slave owner Owned over 140 slaves

Limits to Jacksonian Democracy Jackson was a slave owner Owned over 140 slaves He did not support equality for women

Limits to Jacksonian Democracy Jackson was a slave owner Owned over 140 slaves He did not support equality for women Indian removal Some saw Indians as an impediment to American expansion.

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy Indian Removal Act The New Politic Conclusion

Proclamation Line of 1763

Original United States

Louisiana Purchase France controlled Louisiana Territory Jefferson authorized the government to purchase the land for $15 million doubled the size of the United States

Indian Removal The Cherokee were told to assimilate into U. S. society They adopted a written constitution Developed form of writing Grew cotton With the use of slaves Five Civilized tribes Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminoles State of Georgia tried to assert authority over Cherokee land after gold was discovered

Indian Removal Cherokee sued and the issue went to the Supreme Court ruled in Cherokee favor Jackson ignored the ruling and signed the Indian Removal Act (1830)

Indian Removal 15, 000 -18, 000 were forced to move 25% died along the way Known as the Trail of Tears

Jigsaw John C. Calhoun Outlines the War Department’s Indian Policy The Cherokees Resist Removal Andrew Jackson’s Second Annual Message to Congress Christian Missionaries Oppose Removal The Supreme Court’s Assertion of National Sovereignty

Check Up! Think, Pair, Share Compare the arguments for and against the removal by government officials and supporters of the Native Americans. In what ways did their fundamental assumptions about Native Americans and their long term interests differ? Arguments for removal Arguments against removal

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Meritocracy A government based on merit a system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement

Meritocracy A government based on merit Why were the founders so great?

Meritocracy A government based on merit Why were the founders so great? Emergency

Meritocracy A government based on merit Why were the founders so great? Emergency Pre-Democratic Post Aristocratic

Meritocracy A government based on merit Why were the founders so great? Emergency Pre-Democratic Post Aristocratic Posterity

Meritocracy to Democracy Elimination of property qualifications to vote Popular Vote receives state electorate

Meritocracy to Democracy 1789 - Washington vs. Adams 1792 –Washington vs. Adams 1796 – Adams vs. Jefferson 1800 – Jefferson vs. Adams 1804 – Jefferson vs. Pinckney 1808 – Madison vs. Pinckney 1812 – Madison vs. Clinton 1816 – Monroe vs. King 1820 – Monroe vs. Q. Adams 1824 – Quincy Adams vs. Jackson 1828 – Jackson vs. Adams 1832 – Jackson vs. Clay 1836 – Van Buren vs. Harrison 1840 – Harrison vs. Van Buren

Meritocracy to Democracy 1789 - Washington vs. Adams 1792 –Washington vs. Adams 1796 – Adams vs. Jefferson 1800 – Jefferson vs. Adams 1804 – Jefferson vs. Pinckney 1808 – Madison vs. Pinckney 1812 – Madison vs. Clinton 1816 – Monroe vs. King 1820 – Monroe vs. Q. Adams 1824 – Quincy Adams vs. Jackson 1828 – Jackson vs. Adams 1832 – Jackson vs. Clay 1836 – Van Buren vs. Harrison 1840 – Harrison vs. Van Buren

Meritocracy to Democracy 1789 - Washington vs. Adams 1792 –Washington vs. Adams 1796 – Adams vs. Jefferson 1800 – Jefferson vs. Adams 1804 – Jefferson vs. Pinckney 1808 – Madison vs. Pinckney 1812 – Madison vs. Clinton 1816 – Monroe vs. King 1820 – Monroe vs. Q. Adams 1824 – Quincy Adams vs. Jackson 1828 – Jackson vs. Adams 1832 – Jackson vs. Clay 1836 – Van Buren vs. Harrison 1840 – Harrison vs. Van Buren

Meritocracy to Democracy That extreme democratic principle [universal suffrage]. . . has been regarded with terror by the wise men of every age because, in every European republic, ancient and modern, in which it has been tried, it has terminated disastrously and been productive of corruption, injustice, violence, and tyranny. . Source: James Kent, Excerpt from the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled for the Purpose of Amending the Constitution of the State of New York, 1821.

Meritocracy to Democracy When I first arrived in America Mr. John Quincy Adams was president, and it was impossible to doubt, even from the statement of his enemies, that he was every way calculated to do honor to the office. All I ever heard against him was, that “he was too much of a gentleman”; but a new candidate must be set up, and Mr. Adams was out-voted for no other reason, that I could learn, but because it was “best to change. ” “Jackson for ever!” was, therefore, screamed from the mouths, both drunk and sober, till he was elected… Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans, 1832.

Meritocracy to Democracy

Meritocracy to Democracy Democrats - Jackson Whigs – Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams

New Republic (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison) Age of Jackson

Introduction Era of Good Feelings Missouri Crisis Foreign Affairs Elections Jackson Democracy Tariffs and Banks Limits to Democracy The New Politic Conclusion

Review Missouri Crisis and Monroe Doctrine were important events during this era Describe the accomplishments and limitation of Jackson’s presidency

Links James Monroe Montpelier (Home of James Madison) John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson The Hermitage (Andrew Jackson’s Plantation) Indian Removal

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