The Jacksonian Era The Missouri Compromise Conflict began

The Jacksonian Era

The Missouri Compromise • Conflict began in 1819 when settlers in Missouri requested admission into the union • Before this, the union was made up of 11 free and 11 slave states and it upset the balance. • Missouri borders the “Old Northwest”. What if slavery spreads north to the Canadian border? • What do we do with Missouri? • Civil War was mentioned. • Wanted to have even number of states in the Senate.

The Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay makes the Compromise in 1820. • Maine, which was part of Massachusetts, admitted as a free state, Missouri as a slave state. • Slavery was banned north of the 36'30 parallel. • South of the line, slavery would be legal. • This would keep the peace for 30 years.

The Missouri Compromise

Election of 1824 Four-way Race. Nobody wins majority of electoral votes. Jackson has popular vote. By Constitution, it has to be voted on in the House of Rep. between the top two candidates. Clay was Speaker of the House. Pushed to have House vote for Adams. Clay didn’t like Jackson. “Corrupt Bargain”? Clay is made Adams’s Sec. of State.

Adams’s Presidency • First son of president to be elected. • Adams was a great Sec. of State. • His party was greatly divided because of the election of 1824. • As a result, Adams accomplished little as president. • He did pass the Tariff of 1828. • Many in his cabinet supported Jackson.

Tensions Between Adams and Jackson • Adams was accused of stealing the presidency by Jackson. • Jackson spends Adams’s term complaining. • Jackson becomes leader of the Democratic Party. (formally the Democratic-Republican Party) • Jackson opposed both tariffs and the national bank. • Became very popular out west and with the common man. • Jackson would be elected in 1828 by a large margin.

Jackson Appeals to the Common Citizen • Hates the British • War of 1812 hero. • Indian fighter. • Conqueror of Florida. • Jackson was from the West. • Tried to portray himself as a humble man of small means (he was a wealthy slave owner) “one of the people” • Record number of people show up at his inauguration. • Famous for his temper.

Jackson’s Spoils System • "To the victors belong the spoils of the enemy" • He gave away a huge number of government jobs to friends and supporters while he was president. • Helped lead to government corruption. • Other political leaders would follow this pattern. • This would help lead to the rise of the Whig Party in later years.

Question Time 1. Why was the Missouri Compromise necessary to pass? 2. Do you feel that the Missouri Compromise will make things better between North and South? Why or why not? 3. How did the John Q. Adams become the president? 4. How did Jackson appeal to the common man? 5. What is the “spoils system”? Is this a good thing? Why or why not?

The Removal of Native Americans • Settlers in the South wanted Indian land. • Jackson had reputation as an Indian fighter. • Indian Removal Act of 1830—Removes all Indians east of the Mississippi and sends them west. • Jackson thought that assimilation of the two cultures would not work and the only solution was removal. • Government was provided funds to negotiate treaties with the Indians • 90 treaties signed, many of them were unfair, broken, or signed by corrupt Indians.

The Five “Civilized” Tribes • Seminoles, Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws. • Lived in villages and farms like white people. • Cherokee had a written language created by Sequoya. Had their own newspaper. • Proof that whites and Indians could coexist and integrate successfully. • But they lived on land that whites wanted to live on too. • Many of the settlers in Georgia wanted them out.

The Trail of Tears • Forced Indian removals throughout the southeast • Worcester V. Georgia (1832): Cherokee nation wins in court, John Marshall's court declares them an independent nation which Georgia cannot invade • Jackson sends the army to kick out the Indians despite the court’s ruling. • Treaty of New Echota signed in 1835: paid the Cherokee five million for their lands and gives them land in Oklahoma instead. • The Trail of Tears sends the tribes west. (thousands die on their way to Oklahoma) John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it. — Andrew Jackson

Question Time • 6. Why were Indians being pushed out West? • 7. What happened on the Trail of Tears?

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue • John C. Calhoun was Jackson's Vice President and an ardent advocate of states’ rights. • Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) was passed by Adams and was hated in the South. • The higher the tariff, the less cotton Great Britain bought from the south • The south also had to pay higher prices for domestically manufactured products • It was felt that the north was getting rich at the expense of the south • Calhoun's home state of South Carolina was in a huge economic depression because cotton prices were low and falling. • In 1828, Calhoun raises the nullification issue again and SC refuses to collect on the tariff.

Hayne and Webster Debates This government is made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people –Daniel Webster • When Jackson was elected, it was expected that he would get rid of the tariff, but he did not. • For a week in 1830, Robert Hayne (SC) and Daniel Webster(MA) debated states' rights and nullification in the Senate. • Hayne against the tariff, Webster was for it. • Hayne accused New England of trying to dominate the South • Was the union the creation of state legislatures or people? Robert Hayne • Jackson sided with Webster Daniel Webster “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”— Daniel Webster

South Carolina Rebels • - Another tariff passed in 1832 which lowered tariff rates. • Still, South Carolina legislators were against it • South Carolina declared the Tariff of 1832 "null, void, and no law“. • They threatened to secede from the Union if pushed. • Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun. Even though he is southern, he is for the Union. • 1833: Force Bill passed, which allowed the federal government to use the military to enforce the law and call out the army. • Henry Clay to the rescue: devises a bill that would lower tariffs gradually for the next 10 years • South Carolina agreed and crisis was averted. Yes I have; please give my compliments to my friends in your State and say to them, that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States, I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct, upon the first tree I can reach – Andrew Jackson when asked if he had a message for anyone in SC.

Jackson Attacks the National Bank • For Jackson, the National Bank symbolized the Eastern wealth and power. • He saw the national bank as the bank for the wealthy, not for the commoners---Lots of British investors too! • He thought the bank could become extremely corrupt. • All federal revenues were collected by the Bank of the US. • Rich people made more money off the interest collected. • Bank of US president Nicholas Biddle extended loans to congressmen at lower rates than other people. • Clay saw a chance to go after Jackson and renew the Bank Charter early. • Thought this would force him to sign it and be hypocritical or veto the bank and Jackson would become a target. Campaign Issue!!!!! • 1832: Jackson vetoes the bill to re-charter the bank.

Pet Banks • Jackson easily re-elected in 1832 and crushes Clay. • Jackson fired the secretary of treasury when he didn't follow his order to withdraw all funds from the BUS and deposit them into "pet banks" (State Banks) • Nicholas Biddle attempted to call in loans in order to recovery the money but many merchants went bankrupt • Biddle lost much of his banking, and the 2 nd national bank became a regular bank and in 5 years it had closed down completely.

Consequences of Jackson’s Policies • New York bankers increased their power because the US Bank was in Philly. Investors followed the new markets to NY. • Jackson lost popularity, and was called King Andrew the First • Built Treasury building between White House and Capital so he didn’t have to see the building where Congress was. • Jackson faced a lot more opposition in Congress.

The Whig Party • Old party in England that was usually in opposition to the king. — “King Andrew” • Henry Clay and Daniel Webster left the Democratic party and formed a new party, the Whigs as a response to Jackson. • The Whig party was against a powerful executive branch, and for tariffs, the American System, National Bank, internal improvements, and public education. • They will have a lot of support in New England the West although they have a broad appeal.

Successor’s Deal with Jackson’s Legacy • Jackson decided not to run for a third term • Democrats nominated VP Martin van Buren. • The Whigs couldn't agree, and ended up nominating three candidates. • Van Buren easily won the election of 1836. • Problems with wildcat banks • Specie Circular: 1836 Too much paper money in circulation. • In may of 1837, all New York banks stopped accepting paper currency for gold and silver. • This started the Panic of 1837 (mini depression). Van Buren is blamed. • By 1840, most of Van Buren's tactics to help ease the Panic has failed, even spending cuts hurt and did not help the situation

Harrison and Tyler • In 1840 van Buren ran against the Whig William Henry Harrison • The Whigs portrayed van Buren as a wealthy, elite aristocrat. “Spoons” • Harrison was a war-hero but he was an elite aristocrat too. Van Buren was actually the common man. • The log cabin pension, and hard cider became the symbol of Harrison's campaign. “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!” • Harrison won, but dies of pneumonia a month after taking office • John Tyler, his vice president, takes over. “His Accidency" • Tyler opposes many of the Whig Party's ideas, even though he was nominated by the party for VP in 1840.

A Legacy of Two Parties • Political opinion began to be divided again, starting in the 1830's. • New politicians appealed more to passion and emotions than reason. • Political speeches became a form of entertainment to entice the masses • The average citizen became more politically aware • Growth of two-party system again in this country. • Whigs will be the first major opponent of the Democrats since the Federalists.

Question Time 8. Do you think that South Carolina had a right to nullify a law that it found to be unfair? Why or Why not? 9. How did Jackson’s attack on the bank affect the economy? 10. How did we go back to having a two-party system? 11. What are the advantages and what are the disadvantages of having a two-party system?