Indo European Spread of Indo European Languages GermanicCelts

Indo European Spread of Indo- European Languages Germanic/Celts/ Romans 12/29/2021 1

� Indo-Europeans or Proto-Indo-Europeans, who lived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia from some time after 5000 BC. 12/29/2021 2

� Look at daughter languages to find similarities of possible parent 12/29/2021 3

� Indo-European is the largest family, including those of most of Europe, North and South America, Australasia, the Iranian plateau and much of South Asia. 12/29/2021 4

� Sometime between 3500 BC and 2500 BC, the Indo-Europeans began to fan out across Europe and Asia. 12/29/2021 5

� Hellenic � Italic � Indo-Iranian � Celtic � Germanic � Armenian � Balto-Slavic � Albanian 12/29/2021 6

� The common ancestry of these diverse languages exists in cognates (similar words in different languages). For example: three in English, tres in Latin, tris in Greek, drei in German, drie in Dutch, trí in Sanskrit. 12/29/2021 7

� Recognition of this common ancestry of Indo. European languages is usually attributed to philologist Sir William Jones in 1786. 12/29/2021 8

� Philology is the study of language in written historical sources. � Knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages. 12/29/2021 9

� The Germanic, or Proto. Germanic, language group can be traced back to the region between the Elbe river in modern Germany and southern Sweden some 3, 000 years ago. 12/29/2021 10

� Certain consonants in the Germanic family of languages have shifted somewhat from the Indo-European base. � Shifting of the “p” to “f” and the “d” to “t”. 12/29/2021 11

� Germanic words like the English foot � West Frisian foet � Danish fod � Swedish fot � are related to the Latin ped, Lithuanian peda, Sanskrit pada, � Example: P F D T � Lithuanian: Peda / English: Foot 12/29/2021 12

� Words for natural environment, sea travel, social practice, and farming were borrowed from non Indo-European tribes � Environment: sea � Sea travel: sail � Social practice: bride � Farming: dung 12/29/2021 13

� English belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. � West Germanic languages in orange, yellow, and green 12/29/2021 14

� The earliest inhabitants of Britain about which anything is known are the Celts (the name from the Greek keltoi meaning "barbarian"). 12/29/2021 15

� By around 300 BC, the Celts had become the most widespread branch of Indo -Europeans in Iron Age Europe. 12/29/2021 16

� Between 500 BC and 400 BC until the Roman occupation, Celtic population in Britain kept increasing, and established a vibrant Celtic culture. 12/29/2021 17

� Many British place names have Celtic origins, including Kent, York, London, Dover, Thames, Avon, Trent, Severn, and Cornwall � The influence of the Celtic language itself on English is marginalized, although they were dominant in the earliest formative years 12/29/2021 18

� Romans first entered Britain in 55 BC under Julius Caesar. 12/29/2021 19

� They did not begin a permanent occupation until 43 AD, when Emperor Claudius sent a much better prepared force to subjugate the fierce British Celts. Queen Boudicca, or Boadicea , led a Celtic uprising against the Romans in 61 A. D. – although unsuccessful she remains a great part of Modern British Folklore 12/29/2021 20

� Britain remained part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years. � The cultures and people interbred. � This legacy takes the form of less than 200 “loanwords” coined by Roman merchants and soldiers. 12/29/2021 21

� win (wine) � butere (butter) � caese (cheese) � piper (pepper) 12/29/2021 22

� The Roman Empire was failing, the Romans did a final withdrawal by 436 AD. � Only the rich and noble classes ever spoke Latin, and that status is still visible today. 12/29/2021 23

� Your professor will put you into groups randomly. You may not select your group. � On a piece of paper, write all your names. � Ask one member to clearly write the answers. � Another group will check your answers and score the quiz. � You can get answers to the quiz at the end. 12/29/2021 24

� 1. T/F Indo-Europeans or Proto-Indo. Europeans are the same people. � 2. What is the comparative method? � 3. By what year (B. C. ) had the main language groups of Indo-Europeans split? � 4. Three in English, tres in Latin, tris are examples of _____. � 5. T/F Philology is the study of language in spoken historical sources 12/29/2021 25

� 6. When we look at Germanic words like feet, we can see a _____ shift (Example: foot / peda). � 7. Name two areas of life from which Germanic tribes borrowed words of predecessors. � 8. T/ F English belongs to the Low Germanic branch of the Indo-European family tree. � 9. Who are the earliest inhabitants of Britain in recorded history? 12/29/2021 26

� 10. When was Celtic culture most vibrant in Briton? � 11. Who was Emperor of Rome in 55 B. C. when the Romans first entered Briton? � 12. Britain was to be subjugated under the Roman Empire for _____ years. � 13. Give two examples of Latin loanwords to English. � 14. *OPEN ENDED QUESTION* If Latin was only ever spoken by the upper class (rich /educated) people of Roman Britain, what can we assume about Latin’s influence on Briton’s general population? 12/29/2021 27

� 1. T (they are the same people) � 2. Look at daughter languages to find similarities of possible parent � 3. 1, 000 B. C. � 4. Cognates � 5. F – WRITTEN / not SPOKEN � 6. Consonant � 7 natural environment, sea travel, social practice, and farming � 8 F English belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. 12/29/2021 28

� 9. the Celts � 10. Between 500 BC and 400 BC until the Roman occupation � 11. Julius Caesar � 12. 400 � 13. win (wine) butere (butter) caese (cheese) piper (pepper) � 14. We can assume (most accurately guess) that Latin didn’t often come into contact with the general public. 12/29/2021 29