IMPORTANT WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE PROJECT WRITING TIPS

IMPORTANT WORKS OF THE RENAISSANCE PROJECT

WRITING TIPS Thesis statement – Answers the prompt If It’s in your thesis it must be in your paper If It’s not in your thesis or related to your thesis it cant be in your paper Do exactly what the prompt is asking Avoid “I” statements, just remove them Make sure pronouns have antecedents You should use most of the documents Using your sources Introduce them (Historian Mike Smith argued…) Paraphrase and avoid quotes if possible Citation at the end of the sentence …ended the conflict. (doc D)

CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

TOWNS Most people in the Middle Ages live on farms or small communities With growing trade towns and cities began to develop

NEW PROSPERITY Population began to increase in Europe Climate improved 3 Field crop rotation Horse Plows Great Clearances Many forests in Europe were cleared for farmland

TOWN LIFE Towns were still small compared to modern standards Cities were located on hills for defense Land was at a premium and buildings were built up instead of out Sanitation became a huge problem as waste was dumped in the streets

BLACK DEATH From 1347 – 1351 a deadly disease spread through Europe The disease was called the Great Mortality or Black Death The disease came from Asia and spread quickly because of poor sanitation The plague killed between 1/3 to ½ the population of Europe

DOCUMENT ANALYSIS SHEET Use the provided document analysis sheet to analyze the following documents

DEATH TOLL Medieval Historian Philip Daileader The Black Death: The History and Legacy of the Middle Ages' Deadliest Plague. 2014 The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45– 50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75– 80% of the population. In Germany and England. . . it was probably closer to 20%

PRIMARY ACCOUNTS Agnolo di Tura – c. 1350 "The mortality in Siena began in May. It was a cruel and horrible thing. . It seemed that almost everyone became stupefied seeing the pain. It is impossible for the human tongue to recount the awful truth. Indeed, one who did not see such horribleness can be called blessed. The victims died almost immediately. They would swell beneath the armpits and in the groin, and fall over while talking. Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through breath and sight. And so they died. None could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship. Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices. In many places in Siena great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead. And they died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in those ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. I, Agnolo di Tura. . . buried my five children with my own hands. . And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world. "

PRIMARY ACCOUNTS Boccaccio - 1353 How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies. Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth.

Read the Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews

In what ways did people respond to the plague? What did people think was causing the plague?

EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE Labor became more valuable and peasants gained power and serfs left manors Peasant revolts erupted all over Europe Jews were blamed for spreading the plague Many Jews sought refuge in Poland The Church lost prestige

• Art changed to reflect the dread and death • Birth of “Danse Macabre” or dance of death • These served to remind people of the fragility of life Danse Macabre by Bernt Notke (late 1400 s)

FRANCESCO TRAINI, THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH C. 1350

HANS HOLBEIN Series of woodcuts (1500 s)

PIETER BRUEGHEL THE ELDER, THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH (C. 1562) What role does social class play in the painting?

THE GROWTH OF NATIONS

ENGLAND Roman legions withdraw from England in 450 CE Angles and Saxons migrated into England from the continent Anglo-Saxons Angle-Land “England”

HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR King Edward III claimed the French throne after the last Capetian king died This led to the Hundred Years’ War (13371453) England invaded and won many battles but ultimately lost the war

Warfare changed dramatically in this war The English used large amounts of common foot soldiers and archers The French relied upon the ideals of chivalry and raised large armies of knights and nobles

NEW TACTICS English tactics were shown to be effective at three major battles Crecy Poitiers Agincourt The battles proved to be the end of chivalry and the age of knights

CRECY 1346 English army – ~14, 000(mostly longbowmen) French army – ~30, 000 (mostly knights and Genoese crossbowmen) Casualties: French – ~2, 000 – 4, 000 knights unknown common soldiers English – 100 - 300

French crossbowmen moved to attack and realized they were outranged by English longbows The French knights not waiting for the crossbowmen to move closer impetuously charged and were devastated by arrows

FRANCE In the Hundred Years War the French could not unite against the English A peasant girl named Joan of Arc had visions from God telling her to lead the French to victory She led the army and lifted the siege of Orleans saving France

Joan then led the French prince to accept the crown of France at Reims Joan was then captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the English She was tried in church court, found guilty of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1430 The French king did nothing to save her The war then came to an end in 1453

EFFECTS By the end of the war professional armies had almost entirely replaced feudal levies Encouraged development of English and French Nationalism

PRIMARY SOURCE READINGS Read “A Revolt of French Peasants”

SPAIN Spain was originally composed of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Muslim holdings Reconquista – Spanish kingdoms began conquering Muslim holdings throughout Spain Castile united Spain and all Muslims and Jews were expelled from the country in 1492

CONDITION OF JEWS Jews were subject to constant legal uncertainty and potential violence Jews were blamed for plague Jews were resented for successful business Many kingdoms expelled Jews

DIVISION IN THE CHURCH The Pope and French king Philip IV disagreed over the appointments of bishops The Pope ordered the king to obey him Philip had the Pope kidnapped and he died The French then ordered the new Pope to live in Avignon in France

GREAT SCHISM Avignon Papacy (1309 -1378) Time when the papacy was in Avignon After this the church was weakened They elected a pope who proved to be unpopular so they elected another pope These 2 excommunicated each other To resolve the issue a 3 rd pope was elected The German emperor resolved this by forcing all 3 to resign and 1 pope was elected

JOHN WYCLIFFE AND JAN HUS John Wycliffe argued that Jesus was the head of the church not the pope He was tried in an English court and found not guilty of heresy Inspired by this Jan Hus preached in Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic) the idea that the Bible was all important not church leaders He was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake In England the king supported Wycliffe while in Bohemia the emperor did not support Hus

TOPIC SENTENCES We are focused on academic writing The topic sentence acts as a kind of summary, and offers the reader an insightful view of the writer’s main ideas for the following paragraph. More than just being a mere summary, however, a topic sentence often provides a claim or an insight directly or indirectly related to thesis. It adds cohesion to a paper and helps organize ideas both within the paragraph and the whole body of work at large. As the topic sentence encapsulates the idea of the paragraph, serving as a sub-thesis, it remains general enough to cover the support given in the body paragraph while being more direct than thesis of the paper.

IS THIS A TOPIC SENTENCE The Black Death was the cause of many deaths

EXAMPLES There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world. There are many possible contributing factors to global warming. Graduating from high school is important for many different reasons.

EXAMPLES Is this a topic sentence? While the ant generally works for the benefit of the community, he also carries out duties for his own needs.

IDENTIFICATION Write a one paragraph identification for the following persons or events Each ID must have a topic sentence Analyze Causes, Actions, and Consequences Concluding Sentence Danse Macabre Hundred Years War Wycliffe and Hus Black Death