Image Processing and Embedding words A picture speaks
Image Processing and Embedding words. ” “A picture speaks a thousand Art By Ranjith & Waquas Islamiah Evening College 1
Introduction to Image Processing q What is an Image? An Image is an Array, or a Matrix, of square pixels (Picture elements) arranged in Columns and Rows. : Each pixel has a value from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The possible range of the pixel values depend on the color depth of the image, here 8 bit = 256 tones or grey scales. 2
There are two groups of Images q Vector Graphics (or line art) q Bitmaps (Pixel based images) v Some of the most common File formats are: § GIF An 8 – bit 256 colors (Non – destructively compressed bitmap format). It is mostly used for Web. § JPEG A very efficient (i. e. much information per byte). Destructively compressed 24 bit (16 Million Colors) bitmap format. § TIFF The Standard 24 bit publication bitmap format. It is a Non Destructively compressed 24 bitmap format. § PS Post Script, A Standard vector format. Has numerous sub – standards and can be difficult to transport across Platforms and Operating Systems. § PSD A dedicated Photoshop format that keeps all the information in an Image 3
There are two groups of Colors * RGB * CMYK 4
Fourier Transform : a Review v Basic Ideas : q A periodic function can be represented by the sum of Sines / Cosines functions of different frequencies, multiplied by a different co-efficient. q Non periodic functions can also be represented as the integral of Sines / Cosines multiplied by weighing Functions. Joseph Fourier (1768 - 1830) 5
Fourier Transform Basic Functions q The Event Function E(x) [ f(x) + f(-x)] / 2 q The Odd Function O(x) [f(x)] – f(-x)] / 2 q The Arbitary Function f(x) [E(x) + O(x)] 6
Image Enhancement Original Image Enhanced Image q Enhancement: To process an image for more suitable output for a specific application. 7
Image Enhancements v Image Enhancement techniques: Spatial Domain Methods Frequency Domain Methods q Spatial (time) domain techniques are techniques that operate directly on pixels. q Frequency domain techniques are based on the modifying the Fourier Transform of an Image. 8
Frequency Domain Filtering 9
Frequency Domain Filtering � Edges and transitions (e. g. , Noise) in an image contribute significantly to High – frequency content of Fourier Transform. � Low frequency contents in the Fourier Transform are responsible to the general appearance of the image over smooth areas. � Blurring (Smoothing) is achieved by attenuating range of High – frequency components of Fourier Transform. 10
Embedded Image Processing System on FPGA v Abstract The Design of an Embedded Image Processing System (called DIPS) on FPGA is presented. DIPS is based on the Xilinix Micro. Blaze 32 – bit soft processor core and implemented in Spartan – 3. v Introduction Today, embedded systems can be Microcontroller-based, DSP based, ASIC based, or FPGA based Systems. Xilinix, a FPGA vendor has provided the Micro. Blaze 32 – bit soft processor core which is licensed as part of Xilinix Embedded Development Kit. 11
Overview of the Xilinix Micro. Blaze �The Micor. Blaze soft processor is a 32 – bit Architecture. � The Backbone of the architecture is a single – issue, 3 stage pipeline with 32 general purpose registers, Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU), a shift units, and two levels of Interrupt. 12
Two Memory interfaces of Micro. Blaze Processor � Local Memory Bus (LMB) � Xilinix Cache Link (XCL) � Fast Simplex Link (FSL) q The Local Memory Bus is provides a Low latency interrupt and exception handler storage such as q The Xilinix Cache Link is a High performance point – to – point connection to an external memory controller. q The Fast Simplex Link is a simple, yet powerful, yet point – to – point interfaces that connects User – Developed co-processors to the Micro. Blaze Processor pipeline. 13
Image Processing Vs Computer Graphics � There generally is a bit of confusion in recognising the difference between the fields of Image processing and Computer graphics. �This two topics will be entirely different, almost the opposite of each other. And a com. graphics is involved with image synthesis, and not recognition or Analysis, as in the case of Image processing. �Morphing used in advertisements could be said to be the most commonly witnessed computer graphics technique. � Input to an Image processing is always a real image formed via some physical phenomenon such as Scanning, filming, Etc. 14
Conclusions… � Imaging professionals, scientists, and engineers who use image processing as a tool and wish to develop a deeper understanding and create custom solutions to imaging problems in their field. � IT professionals wanting a self-study course featuring easily adaptable code and completely worked out examples enabling them to be productive right away. � Image processing using all Programming Languages like, C, C++, Java, Etc. • It is used for all fields like, Medical, all Web standards, Etc. • The visual system of a single human being does more image processing than the entire world’s supply of supercomputers. 15
Queries……. . 16
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