DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE

DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

The Timely And Intelligent Concentration of a City’s Resources to Meet Extremely Urgent Needs During the Initial Hours, Days, and Weeks After a Natural Hazard Strikes

THE FOCUS: FROM UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY TO INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

RISK ASSESSMENT • NATURAL HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITY FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY IENCE

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BECOME … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY PHASE

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN IT IS … PREPARED FOR THE INEVITABLE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR AT THE WRONG TIME AND IN THE WRONG PLACE RELATIVE TO THE CITY’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED BY CODES, STANDARDS, ETC AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … IT IS ABLE TO: A) RESPOND INTELLIGENTLY IN REAL TIME TO MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY, B) MEET THEIR NEEDS IN AN EMERGENCY, AND C) RESTORE THE CITY’S BASIC FUNCTIONS

A CITY BECOMES DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … IT’S POLICIES NOT ONLY ENABLE IT TO RESIST DISASTERS WITHOUT FAILING, BUT ALSO FACILITATES A QUICK, SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY AFTER THE EMERGENCY PHASE

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE WITH THE CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT CAN CAUSE DIVERSE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

CHINA, 2007: FLOODING CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When Planet Earth’s water cycle produced too much water for the drainage system to handle, major flooding occurred.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOODS CASE HISTORIES STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

JAPAN: 2011: TYPHOON ROKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When the water temperatures and atmospheric conditions were right, Typhoon Roke occurred and traveled in the Pacific Ocean.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS SEVERE WINDSTORMS CASE HISTORIES STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN POOR WORKMANSHIP FAILURE OF NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2011: THE EARTHQUAKE CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS The earthquake was inevitable, but the disaster was caused when ground shaking interacted with sun -dried, clay brickconstruction.

BAM, IRAN; DEC. 26, 2003: CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) EARTHQUAKES IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS CASE HISTORIES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

THAILAND: DEC. 26, 2004: THE TSUNAMI CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS The tsunami wave generated by the M 9. 3 earthquake near Banda Ache, Indonesia traversed the entire Indian Ocean.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS CASE HISTORIES INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

JAPAN; JAN. , 11, 2011: KIRISHIMA’S ERUPTION CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When ongoing convergence of the Pacific and Eurasian plates reached a critical point, the volcano erupted explosively.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS CASE HISTORIES IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION) IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF LAHARS IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE

AUSTRALIA, FEB. 2009: WILDFIRES CREATEd EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Wildfires occurred when hot temperatures and dry conditions intersected in Australia.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LIGHTNING STRIKES MANMADE FIRES PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO THE WILDLAND FIRE WILDFIRES DISASTER LABORATORIES WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION (DAY/NIGHT) DRYNESS HIGH TEMPERATURES LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY

SO. CALIF. , 2007: LANDSLIDES CREATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS When unstable slopes failed after prolonged precipitation, a major landslide occurred.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTERS BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES LANDSLIDES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS CASE HISTORIES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE 1. PREPAREDNESS (HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK ASSESSMENTS; PREDICTIONS, FORECASTS AND WARNING; DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIOS; INSURANCE; INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY); …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 2. PROTECTION (IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS; SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES) …

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL; EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…

THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE (Continued) 4. RECOVERY (RECONSTRUCTION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL BUSINESS RESUMPTION; POSTDISASTER STUDIES FOR PREDISASTER PREPAREDNESS)

SUMMARY OF DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE • Communication • Evacuation • Mass Care • Search and Rescue

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE • Emergency Medical • Emergency Transportation • Local, Regional, and International Assistance