2 2 RELEASE MITIGATION EMERGENCY RESPONSE www utm

2 -2 RELEASE MITIGATION & EMERGENCY RESPONSE www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 1

Release Prevention & Mitigation ● Release mitigation is defined as “lessening” the risk of a release incident by acting on the source (at the point of release) 1. Preventive Measures: reducing the likelihood of an event which could generate a hazardous vapour cloud; or 2. Protective Measures: reducing the magnitude of the release and/or the exposure of local persons or property. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 2

Release Prevention & Mitigation Hazard Inherent Safety Measures 1 - Process Design Safety System, Redundancy, Training 2 - Layer of Protection Moderation, Containment, neutralize, water curtain 3 - Containment Remote siting evacuation plan 4 - Evacuation Choice of Technology Initiating Event Release of Material Exposure Medical Treatment Consequence 0 – Process Safety Management www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 3

1 - Release Prevention Through Process Design Major Area Inherent Safety Examples • Inventory reduction : Less chemicals inventoried or less in process vessels. • Chemical substitution : Substitute a less hazardous chemical for one more hazardous. Process attenuation : Use lower temperatures and pressures. Industry Standards Plant physical integrity : Use better seals or materials of construction. • • • Engineering Design www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 4

2 - Release Prevention through Layer of Protection Shutdown System Relief System Five Hierarchy of Independent Protection Layers (IPL) Safety Interlock System Alarm System Basic Process Control System Process www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 5

3 – Containment ● Release mitigation involves 1. Detecting the release as quickly as possible; 2. Stopping the release as quickly as possible; and 3. Invoking a mitigation procedure to reduce the impact of the release on the surroundings. ● Reduce the amount of vapour formed/release – Once a release is in vapour form, the resulting cloud is nearly impossible to control. ● Reduce amount of liquid/solid formed/release ● Prevent dispersion & escalation of releases www. utm. my 6 innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 6

Release Mitigation Approaches Major Area Early Vapor Detection and Warning Countermeasures Containment • • • • Examples Detection by sensors. Detection by personnel. Water sprays. Water curtains. Steam curtains. Air curtains. Deliberate ignition of explosive cloud. Dilution. Foams. Blast Wall Firewalls Spill containment : Dikes and spill vessels. Drain Flares www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 7

Fluid Curtains Fixed Installation Chemicals Water HCl, HF, NH 3, Cl 2, Acetic acid, Bromine, C 2 -C 4, amines, foaming acids, phosgene, butyleneoxide, CS 2, BF 3 Steam Olefins Steam/Ammonia Phosgene Water Solution Bromine Mobile Monitors Chemicals Water For (small) releases of HCl, Cl 2, SO 2, NH 3, chlorosulfonic acid, Use of mobile monitors is often part of emergency plans, carried out by emergency response teams www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 8

Foam ● Foam is used to reduce the rate of evaporation ● Foam acts by insulating the surface of the spill and preventing vaporization. ● Any foam used must be suitable for the application; the wrong foam can do more harm than good. ● Foam should be applied gently, possibly with continuous application or frequent reapplication. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 9

Passive Fire Protection ● Passive fire protection can limit fire spread and can ‘buy time’ in which the firefighting resources can be mobilized ● One of the principal passive fire protection measures is fireproofing – Coatings – Insulation – Fire wall www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 10

Active Fire Protection ● Active fire protection measures are also provided but are effective only when activated in response to a fire. – Combustible gas detection & Alarms – Emergency material transfer facilities: relief header leading to vent stack, flare stack, blowdown, drains etc – Firefighting agents: water, foam, dry chemicals, vaporizing liquids, inert gases, and other agents. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 11

Ignition sources for vapor mixes ● Electric sparks and arcs (from electrical circuits, motors, switches ● ● ● ● ● etc. ); Mechanical sparks (from friction and falling objects); Static electrical sparks; Lightning; Flame (including flaring, boilers, smoking); Hot surfaces (including hot work, hot processing equipment, electrical equipment); Heat of compression; Chemical reactions (e. g. auto-ignition of oil-soaked lagging on hot piping); and High energy radiation, microwaves, RF, etc. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 12

Ignition of non-vapor mixes ● Diesel Oil Mists - a dispersion of droplets with diameters <10 microns - such as might be produced when a saturated vapor condenses. It is significant because oil mists may be in a physical form that gives the lowest ignition energies. ● Crude oil mists and crude oil-water mixtures - a significant number of reservoirs now produce high water cut fluids. Ignition of oil–water mixes are not well understood. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 13

Static Electricity ● Sparks resulting from static charge buildup (involving at least one poor conductor) and sudden discharge ● Household Example: walking across a rug and grabbing a door knob ● Industrial Example: Pumping nonconductive liquid through a pipe then subsequent grounding of the container Dangerous energy near flammable vapors Static buildup by walking across carpet www. utm. my 0. 1 m. J 20 m. J innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 14

Controlling Static Electricity GROUNDING BONDING 15/61 www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 15

Bunds ● A bund around a storage tank is generally designed to contain the contents of the tank. ● A bund with a smaller floor area but higher walls presents a smaller surface to heat up and vaporize the liquid. ● The higher wall also acts as a barrier to the flow of the vapor. ● The provision of a bund facilitates the use in suitable cases of foam, which can effect a further large reduction in evaporation www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 16

Flare Ground Flare Elevated Flare www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 17

4 – Evacuation & Emergency Response Major Area Examples • • Emergency Response • • • On-site communications. Emergency shutdown equipment and procedures. Site evacuation. Safe havens. Personal protective equipment. Medical treatment. On-site emergency plans, procedures, training and drills. www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 18

0 - Process Safety Management Major Area Examples • • Management • • • Operating policies and procedures. Training for vapor release prevention and control. Equipment testing, Maintenance program Management of change Audits and inspections. Security. etc www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 19

END OF PART 2 -2 www. utm. my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 20