Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS Anatomy

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS

Anatomy and Physiology Branches of Anatomy 1. Gross Anatomy-study of large and easily observable structures by dissection or inspection with the naked

Anatomy and Physiology 2. Microscopic Anatomy-on a cellular level thanks to invention of the microscope • Cytology: study of the structure, function, and development of cells that comprise different body parts • Histology: study of tissues and organs that make up the entire body of an organism

Anatomy and Physiology 3. Developmental Anatomy: studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime • Embryology: studies the formation of an organism from the fertilized egg to birth

Anatomy and Physiology 4. Comparative Anatomy- studies the organs and body parts of humans in comparison to other animals within the animal kingdom 5. Systemic Anatomy- studies structure and function of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system. Ex: Dermatology-study of integumentary system Endocrinology-study of endocrine system Neurology- study of nervous system

Anatomic Terminology • Anatomical Position: a human being in such a position is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and palms forward

Anatomic Terminology Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction • Anterior/Ventral: “front” or “in front of” Ex: A ventral hernia may protrude from the front of the abdomen. • Posterior/Dorsal: “back” or “in back of” Ex: Shoulder blades (scapula) are located on the posterior surface of the body.

Anatomical Terminology • Cranial: “skull or head end” Ex: A VP shunt was placed to manage the patients increased intracranial pressure. • Caudal: “tail end” Ex: Caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine. • Superior: “upper” or “above another” Ex. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm. • Inferior: ”lower” or “below another” Ex. The intestines are situated inferior to the diaphragm.

Anatomic Terminology • Medial: ”toward the midline or median plane of the body” • Lateral: “away” or toward the side of the body Ex: The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose.

Anatomic Terminology • Proximal: “towards the point of attachment to the body or trunk of the body” • Distal: “away from the point of attachment or origin or farthest from the trunk of the body” Ex: The hand is proximal to the wrist. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.

Anatomic Terminology • Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections Planes are imaginary anatomical dividing lines which are useful in separating body structures. A section is a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

Anatomic Terminology • Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts • Mid-Sagittal Plane: right and left sides of the body

Anatomic Terminology • Coronal (frontal) Plane: a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions • Transverse Plane: aka-”cross section” a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Anatomic Terminology

Anatomical Terminology Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body • • Dorsal cavity: contains brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity: contains the brain Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs

Anatomical Terminology • Abdominopelvic cavity: pelvis includes abdomen and • Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine • Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, appendix, and remainder of large intestine

Anatomic Terminology

Anatomic Terminology Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity • Upper/Epigastric region: located just below the sternum • Right hypochondriac region: on right side of body • Left hypochondriac region: left side of body just below ribs on

Anatomic Terminology • Middle/Umbilical region: umbilicus around the naval or • Right lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below right hypochondriac region • Left lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below left hypochondriac region • Lower/Hypogastric region: pubic area • Right Illiac Region: right inguinal area • Left Illiac Region: left inguinal area

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Terminology • Smaller Cavities • Orbital cavity: ducts eyes, optic nerves, lacrimal (tear) • Nasal cavity: parts that form the nose • Buccal cavity: teeth and tongue

Life Functions • Life Functions are a series of highly organized and related activities which allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves. • These vital functions include movement, ingestion, digestion, transport, respiration, synthesis, assimilation, growth, secretion, excretion, regulation, and reproduction

Human Development • Early in human development, certain groups of cells become highly specialized for specific functions. • Special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure are called tissues.

Human Development • Tissues form larger structural units known as organs. • Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function are called an organ system.

Body Processes • Metabolism: the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions • Anabolism: the building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen

Body Processes • Catabolism: the breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with a release of energy and carbon dioxide Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism • Homeostasis: the maintenance of optimal internal environment of the human body