CELLULAR RESPIRATION AUTOTROPHS use energy from sunlight or

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

AUTOTROPHS ______ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last section green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS to used ________ sunlight trap energy from _____ and make _______ food (glucose)

In this chapter, we will learn how broken down by this glucose is ______ energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP in a process called __________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION What kind of organisms do this?

What kind of organisms do this? plants ______ fungi ______ animals ____ (Including humans _______) bacteria ______ ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!

How do we get the sugar from the plants? REMEMBER! ________ HETEROTROPHS get their energy by eating other organisms. We get the energy the plants stored as eating plants directly glucose by _______ or eating the _____ animals that ate the plants.

Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria CYTOPLASM = ___________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = ________ mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ______ DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane CRISTAE (called ________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane INTERMEMBRANE SPACE = __________ Space inside cristae folds MATRIX = _________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria

All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) energy in food to use the _______ ATP charge up their _______

This process of releasing the energy from FOOD (glucose) ATP = to make ___________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION slowly happens _____ many steps in ________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as light and heat __________!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO 6 H O 2 + _____ 2 ______ + ______ C 6 H 12 O 6 + _____ 6 O 2 →________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + _____ 6 CO 2 + _____ 6 H 2 O + _____ 6 O 2 →_______ The two equations are exact opposites! _______________________________

UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of calorie water 1◦ Celsius = ________ Unit for measuring energy in food Calorie = ________ 1000 calories 1 Calorie = _____

Remember from Photosynthesis? + NADP High energy electron carrier = ______ Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons. + NAD FAD _______ & ____ 2 e + H+ _____ NAD+ → FAD e- + 2 H+ ____ + 2 ____________ → ______

The first step in cellular respiration = _________ GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis happens in CYTOPLASM the ________ outside the mitochondria

Glycolysis sweet LYSIS= ______ split apart ) (GLYKOS = ____ Glycolysis ______________ DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN BUT it needs some ______to get it ENERGY started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? ATP

GLYCOLYSIS ____ ↓ GLUCOSE ______ ATP → ↓ ATP 2_______ PYRUVIC ACID NADH __________ + ________ 4 ATP’s 2 ATP’s and GET BACK _____ PUT IN ____ Net gain of ____ 2 ATP’s and _____ 2 NADH

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (_______) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_______) = AEROBIC

WITHOUT OXYGEN PYRUVIC ACID ______ ANAEROBIC 2 kinds of fermentation Alcoholic Lactic acid __________ & ___________

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO 2 + NAD →_____+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise air spaces in bread CO 2 bubbles make _______ evaporates Alcohol ________ during cooking

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO 2 + NAD →_____+ Happens when beer yeast ______ make _______ or bacteria wine ______ make ______

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →_______ + ____ muscles Happens in _______ during ______when body exercise can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →_______ + ____ Happens when bacteria are used food to make _____and beverages ______ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi

WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ______ and all the NAD+ carriers get full. _______ Eventually glycolysis will NAD+

+ CO NAD →ALCOHOL _____ + ______ 2 + _____ → PYRUVIC ACID +_______ → LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells + REGENERATE the NAD can __________ needed to keep glycolysis going

Flooded Corn Field Plants do photosynthesis ______ but plants need ___________ oxygen for cellular respiration too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die.

KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. OXYGEN The presence or absence of ________ decides which path it takes next.

Flowchart Section 9 -2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C 6 H 1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

________ KREBS CYCLE follows glycolysis if oxygen is present

Glycolysis happens in CYTOPLASM the ________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in MATRIX _______ inside the mitochondria

PYRUVIC ACID ________ (also called pyruvate) enters the _________ MITOCHONDRIA Pyruvic acid joins COENZYME A with ________ to form ACETYL - Co. A ________

WHERE DO THESE GO? Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere ________ High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ______________

Citric Acid Formation: 2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6 -carbon citric acid molecule called ________.

WHERE DO THESE GO? Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another Pyruvic acid ________ Citric acid completes the KREBS CYCLE ______

KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES 3 ____ 1 ____ 4 ____

WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________ to atmosphere Carbon dioxide

WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly energy to supply _____ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ______________

Flowchart Section 9 -2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C 6 H 1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? Glycolysis KREBS ET Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae) ______________

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE CRISTAE MATRIX

Electron Transport Chain: electrons High-energy _______ from _____ and _____ NADH FADH 2 are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used to Hydrogen ions (H+) across the transport ___________ membrane.

Electron Transport Chain: The pumping of H+ ions into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE represents potential ____________ energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________ ATP SYNTHASE spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______

Electron Transport Chain: • ________ serves as the final OXYGEN electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. • At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water (H 2 O) _______

NADH come in High-energy electrons from ____ FADH 2 at beginning but electrons from _____ come in farther down the chain.

WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Cytoplasm Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: GLYCOLYSIS ___________ KREBS CYCLE ___________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ____________

GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM Happens in _______ outside mitochondria 1 glucose Breaks down ______ 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) into ________ Produces 2 __________

KREBS CYCLE MATRIX happens in ________ inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid Breaks down _________ Produces: 2 ____ 8____ 2 ____ 6

ELECTRON TRANSPORT cristae Enzymes found in _______ inner membrane of mitochondria Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions NADH FADH 2 donated by _______ and _______ 32 (net) ATP Makes ______ OXYGEN acts a final ____ H 2 O electron acceptor to produce ____

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 36 ATP 1 glucose → ________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 2 ATP 1 glucose → ________

Remember ! CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http: //www. miranda. com/library. en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners. jpg http: //www. estrellamountain. edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/Bio. Book. CHEM 2. html

http: //www. therunningdoctor. com/runinjuries. htm EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL Cells normally contain _____ amounts of ATP produced by GLYCOLYSIS ________ & CELLULAR RESPIRATION _____________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) LACTIC ACID Once this ATP is used up_______ fermentation can provide enough ATP 90 seconds to last about __________.

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Lactic acid Once race is over, ________ must be broken down using oxygen. trained Well _____ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently.

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds Cellular respiration ___________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _______ than fermentation. more slowly Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race.

What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up? REMEMBER Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _______ GLYCOGEN to use later.

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) MUSCLES store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down glycogen into glucose to supply energy 15 -20 minutes for________ of activity.

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ____ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight!

ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY Eukaryotes All _________ (including plant and animal cells) have mitochondria ________ for cellular respiration Prokaryotes All _________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes ___________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles!