Cell Processes Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell

Cell Processes Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell Cycle

Exchange with the Environment • Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a cell membrane

No energy required

Cell in Action • Passive transport- the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration- no energy • Active transport- the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion • ---requires cells to use energy(active transport)

Cell in Action • Endocytosis -the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell • Exocytosis- the process used to remove large particles from a cell • a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell

Cell Energy • Photosynthesis- the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar • Cellular respiration- the process of producing ATP from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a waste product

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis • http: //earthguide. ucsd. edu/earthguide/diagra ms/photosynthesis. html • http: //earthguide. ucsd. edu/earthguide/diagrams /photosynthesis_game. html

Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation. The overall balanced equation is. . . 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Sunlight energy Where: CO 2 = carbon dioxide H 2 O = water Light energy is required C 6 H 12 O 6 = glucose O 2 = oxygen Learn these formulas

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugar-occurs in chloroplast o Uses carbon dioxide and water o Produces oxygen and glucose o Opposite of cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Equation

ATP • The molecule that supplies energy to fuel the activities of the cell • Formed during cellular respiration in the mitochondria • Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Glucose • a carbohydrate- form of sugar • Product of photosynthesis • C 6 H 12 O 6 • The energy in glucose isused by plant’s cells • Some may be stored in the form of other carbohydrates or lipids

cellular

Fermentation • Fermentation is "the process of energy production in a cell under anaerobic conditions. " • • Anaerobic is when a biological reaction or process can take place with the absence of oxygen.

2 types of fermentation • 1 - Your muscles need energy faster than your body can provide oxygen to your cells to produce ATP by cellular respiration-- • Fermentation produces lactic acid--- muscle fatigue • 2 - fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and fungi • Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol during fermentation of sugar.

Cell Cycle • The life cycle of the cell • In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it consists of 3 parts • 1 -Interphase: cell growth and chromosome duplication • 2 - Mitosis (PMAT) • 3 - Cytokinesis

C E L L C Y C L E

Chromosome • Coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division • Humans have 46 chromosomes

Binary Fission • The simple cell division in which one cell splits into two • Used by bacteria

Homologous Chromosomes • Chromosomes with matching or similar information • Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes • Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous chromosomes • An organism’s number of chromosomes has nothing to do with its complexity

Chromatids • Identical copies of a chromosome • After each chromosome is duplicated(copied) - the 2 copies are called CHROMATIDS

Centromere • The region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated(copied)

Mitosis • Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes • Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome • Consists of 4 phases- PMAT • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase • Second stage of cell cycle

Cytokinesis • The process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis • Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the way through the cell • 2 daughter cells formed • ***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells must first form a cell plate –in the middle of the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then new cell wall formed

Cytokinesis