Ancient Egypt History n n n Archaic Period

Ancient Egypt

History n n n Archaic Period: 3000 -2686 B. C. E. Old Kingdom: 2686 -2181 B. C. E. First Intermediate Period: 2181 -2055 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom: 2055 -1650 B. C. E. Second Intermediate Period: 1650 -1550 B. C. E. n n New Kingdom: 1550 -1069 B. C. E Third Intermediate Period: 1069 -644 B. C. E. Late Period: 664 -332 B. C. E. Graeco-Roman Period: 332 B. C. E. - C. E. 395 n Ptolemaic Period: 332 -30 B. C. E. n Roman Period: 30 B. C. E. 395

History n From prehistoric times, there were 2 opposing kingdoms: n n Lower Egypt (in North) Upper Egypt (in South)

History n Circa 3100 B. C. E, King Narmer united these 2 kingdoms this begins the Archaic Period of Egyptian history

Old Kingdom n Archaic Period began the Old Kingdom. n n n Set up capital at Memphis Created ample wealth Huge building projects exhausted the newly created wealth n Pyramids of Giza

Old Kingdom - Pyramids n n Third Dynasty 2650 BCE: Earliest known pyramid in Egypt built for Djoser n The Step Pyramid

Old Kingdom - Pyramids n n Fourth Dynasty 2613 -2589 BCE: Rule of Snefru. n n Bent Pyramid built in honor of him Angle was changed halfway through construction because original angle was too steep to support the weight

Old Kingdom - Pyramids n n Fourth Dynasty 2575 BCE: Great Pyramid of Giza built n n Tomb for Khufu (Cheops) 479 feet tall

Old Kingdom - Pyramids n n Fourth Dynasty 2532 BCE: Second largest of Pyramids of Giza built n n Tomb for Khafre 470 feet tall

Old Kingdom - Pyramids n n Fourth Dynasty Circa 2500 BCE: smallest of 3 Pyramids of Giza built n n Tomb for Menkaura 215 feet tall

Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx n n Historians do not agree on the background of the Great Sphinx Who was the model for the face? Who built it? When was it built?

Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx n n n Most common story: Built by Khafre to guard his pyramid Head of a human with body of a lion NOT unique to Egyptian culture

Old Kingdom. Pyramids/Sphinx

Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

Old Kingdom-The Great Sphinx

Old Kingdom. Pyramids/Sphinx

Old Kingdom. Pyramids/Sphinx

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n n Mummification was very important for a person’s/pharaoh’s journey into the afterlife Gods need to be able to recognize the appearance and soul of the individual

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Egyptian Soul is comprised of 7 parts Ren Sekem Akh Ba Ka Sheut Sekhu

Old Kingdom-The Mummy § Ren - A person’s name. Given at birth and lives as long as it is spoken Bob Bob § Why there was an importance in placing a name in a lot of writings Bob Bob Bob

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Sekem - Energy or Power of a person who has died

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Akh - combination of the Ba and Ka n Possibly a ghost

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n n n Ba - Personality. Closest in comparison to the western idea of soul Makes one unique Lives on after the body dies

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Ka - the life force n n Death occurs when the Ka leaves the body Ka is maintained through food and drink n Food and drinks often brought to the dead or left with coffin

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n n Sheut - the shadow. Always present Cannot exist without a person, a person cannot exist without a sheut

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Sekhu - The physical body.

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Process of mummification perfected in Old Kingdom

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Yearly flooding of the Nile makes mummification possible n n Leaves behind pools of water Water evaporates and leaves white crystals natron n Natron absorbs moisture

Old Kingdom-The Mummy Original mummification process took 70 days 1. Abdomen slit open 2. Organs removed, but preserved 3. Brain pulled out with long hook through the nose n

Old Kingdom-The Mummy 4. Body cavity stuffed with sacks of natron 5. Entire body covered in natron - or soaked in solution 6. Body cavity washed out 7. Aromatic oils applied to body

Old Kingdom-The Mummy 8. Body cavity stuffed with straw, grass, sawdust, or wads of linen 9. Body wrapped in wet bandages of linen

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n During mummification, internal organs were kept safe and preserved in canopic jars n n Heart remained in body Believed this was where the Ka resided

Old Kingdom-The Mummy n Canopic Jars - images of the 4 sons of Horus n n Imset - (human) - contained the liver Hapi - (baboon) - contained the lungs Duamatef - (jackal) contained the stomach Kebechsenef - (falcon) contained the intestines

Old Kingdom n n Sixth Dynasty No written records as to why Old Kingdom came to an end n n Evidence of mass burials, war, famine, disease Some skeletons found in awkward positions (woman covering child, man covering both) - obviously not buried

First Intermediate Period n n Dark times (few written records) One possible theory: Dramatic reduction in rainfall, reduced the flooding of the Nile

First Intermediate Period n Rival families created separate capitals n n Herakleopolis Magna (Greek) - Lower Egypt Thebes - Upper Egypt

First Intermediate Period n Central authority had broken down because: n n financial trouble No strong political center Rival claims to throne Lack of artistic standardization

Middle Kingdom n n 2055 B. C. E. : Egypt was reunited by prince of Thebes. Mentuhotep II 11 th and 12 th Dynasties gained importance n God, Amun, stressed

Middle Kingdom n n Egypt expands boundaries Referred to as Ancient Egypt’s “Classic Age” n High quality art, literature, language

Middle Kingdom n 11 th-14 th Dynasties: Many military campaigns against Nubia during this time

Second Intermediate Period n n 1640 B. C. E. : Princes of the Asiatic peninsula (Palestine) take control in Lower Egypt Took advantage of weakening political structure

Second Intermediate Period n n Known as the Hyksos Semitic People (Israel, Palestine area) Introduced the war-chariot Split Egypt n South still ruled by Egyptians in Thebes

Second Intermediate Period n n 15 th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos 16 th Dynasty - Ruled by Hyksos

Second Intermediate Period n n n 17 th Dynasty Rulers from Thebes used the war-chariot against the Hyksos Defeated the Hyksos and reunited Egypt

The New Kingdom n 1530 B. C. E. : Thebans reunite Egypt

The New Kingdom n n n 18 th Dynasty Warrior-pharaohs created the strongest empire in Egypt’s history Empire stretched from Nubia to the Euphrates River

The New Kingdom n Egypt becomes richest and most powerful country in the ancient world

The New Kingdom n Much of the country’s wealth went into great building projects to honor gods and Pharaohs

The New Kingdom n n Kings/Pharaohs no longer buried in pyramids All buried in The Valley of the Kings

The New Kingdom n Valley of the Kings was created to protect the pharaohs from grave-robbers and defacing

The New Kingdom n Valley of the Kings is the home of King Tutankhamun’s tomb n KV 62

Diagram of Tut’s Tomb

KV 62

KV 62

Into Tut’s Tomb

Tut’s “Treasury”

Tut’s “Burial Chamber”

The New Kingdom n Valley of the Kings’ most impressive tomb n n KV 5 Tomb of sons of Ramesses the Great 120 known rooms Ramesses the Great is in KV 7

The New Kingdom n Valley of the Kings is home to Ramesses, Horemheb, Seti I, Amenhotep I, Hatshepsut, and Tut

The New Kingdom n 1390 -1353 B. C. E. : Amenhotep III stressed arts and architecture

The New Kingdom n Temple of Amun at Karnak was built

The New Kingdom n Hatshepsut n n n Female Pharaoh Stepson, Tuthmosis III, was very young when he inherited the throne Named herself co-regent; eventually took total control Very competent & ambitious - inspirational Ruled for 20 years

Hatshepsut’s Tomb

The New Kingdom n 1353 -1335 B. C. E. : Amenhotep III’s son, Akhenaten weaken’s empire n Armana Period

The New Kingdom n Akhenaten was very offensive to many citizens because: n n Moved capital to new city - he had named Akhetaten Wanted to change the national religion

The New Kingdom n n Akhenaten name means “One who works for Aten” Tried to make Aten the supreme deity n n People used to worship Amun Identified with Ra

The New Kingdom n n Akhenaten’s images are interesting when compared to the art that had emerged – shown seeming very feminine; wide hips, elongated and delicate facial features Assume that they are accurate and show birth defects

The New Kingdom n Tutankhamun Akenaten’s son n n Name means “living image of the god Amun” Took the throne at 8 years old Guided by advisors - one of which was Horemheb Died at 18 years old

The New Kingdom n n n Not a very influential pharaoh Only famous because of completely intact tomb Discovered by Howard Carter in 1922

The New Kingdom n Cursed? n n n Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter finally enter tomb on February 17, 1923. March 6: Carnarvon bitten by mosquito April 5: Carnarvon died n (supposedly his dog died back in London at the same time)

The New Kingdom Event # of People Present # of those dead in 10 yrs Opening of Burial Chamber 26 6 Opening of Sarcophagus 22 2 Unwrapping of Mummy 10 0

The New Kingdom n Howard Carter died March 2, 1939 of lymphoma (cancer of lymph nodes)

The New Kingdom n After Tut died, Aye married his widow (Ankhesenamun) and took over n n (Ankhesenamun also the name of the queen in The Mummy) Followed by a powerful general - Horemheb

The New Kingdom n n n 1319 -1292 B. C. E. Horemheb restored power and glory to Egypt Reopened temples Strengthened military

The New Kingdom n n “Ramesside” pharaohs follow Horemheb 1292 -1075 BCE: 19 th 20 th Dynasties (11 pharaohs are called Ramesses)

The New Kingdom n n 19 th Dynasty founded by Ramesses I Seti I took over n n Reinstated the work and dedication of Horemheb Ramesses II (Seti I’s son) continued father’s work

The New Kingdom n Seti I & Ramesses II are the only pharaohs to be circumcised

The New Kingdom n n Ramesses II is also known as Ramesses the Great Very long and energetic career (67 years)

The New Kingdom n Ramesses the Great is the pharaoh mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible n Exodus - The escape of Israelites who had been enslaved by Egyptian ruler

The New Kingdom n Ramesses the Great fathered 40 daughters and 45 sons

The New Kingdom n His court wanted to preserve Ramesses the Great’s famous hooked nose as a mummy n Stuffed his nasal cavities with peppercorns

The New Kingdom n n 20 th Dynasty All pharaohs named Ramesses

Third Intermediate Period n n n 21 st Dynasty High Priest of Amun at Thebes Splits Egypt in 2 again

Third Intermediate Period n n Priesthood of Amun in control of Upper Egypt Smendes I controlled Lower Egypt

Third Intermediate Period n 1075 BCE: Lybian invaders seized Lower Egypt

Third Intermediate Period n n n 24 th-25 th Dynasty 750 BCE: Nubian king Piye reunites Egypt Begins the final era of rule by Egyptians

Third Intermediate Period n n 30 th Dynasty Last native-Egyptian ruling family of Egypt

Late Period n 525 -332 BCE: Egypt is ruled by Persians n Persians allow Egypt to maintain Pharaonic tradition

Graeco-Roman Period n n 332 -30 BCE: Egypt is ruled by Greeks 332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquered Egypt n Recognized as a pharaoh for liberating them from Persian control

Graeco-Roman Period n Alexander built the city of Alexandria on Egypt’s northern coast of the Mediterranean

Graeco-Roman Period n n Alexandria became the intellectual center of the world Museum and Library are said to have held all important intellectual achievements of the ancient world

Graeco-Roman Period n Lighthouse at Alexandria is considered 1 of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Graeco-Roman Period n n Ptolemaic Period 323 BCE: Alexander died Territories were divided amongst his generals Ptolemy was given Egypt

Graeco-Roman Period n n Ptolemy’s line lasted 300 years Ptolemy XIII Cleopatra’s powerhungry little brother n Gave Pompey’s head to Julius Caesar

Graeco-Roman Period n n 31 BCE: Battle of Actium was actually a war that Rome declared on Cleopatra Thought she was manipulating Antony into giving her land

Graeco-Roman Period n 30 BCE-CE 395: Egypt ruled in absentia by Romans

Graeco-Roman Period n n n 395 CE: Rome forces the adoption of Christianity Egyptian temples are forced to close Marks the end of Ancient Egypt

Culture/Society

Culture/Society n n Greek historian, Herodotus, called Egypt “the gift of the Nile” Life centered around the Nile River and what it provided

Culture/Society n n n Egyptians called their country, Kemet - means “Black Land” Refers to the fertile black soil on the banks of the Nile River Kemet was surrounded by Deshret - “Red Land”

Culture/Society n Egyptian art focuses on colors of the world around them - blue skies, red desert, golden sun, green river, black soil

Culture/Society n n Egyptians believed very strongly in the balance of opposites: light & dark, order & chaos, male & female This balance was maintained by the gods, goddesses, and king (Pharaoh)

Culture/Society n n Pharaoh - literally means “Great House” and was originally used to signify the buildings of the court or a palace Came to mean the king, himself, in 18 th Dynasty

Culture/Society n Believed that the Pharaoh was a representative of the gods on Earth