Todays Bell Ringer Workbook page 19 Tonights Homework

Today’s Bell Ringer Workbook page 19 Tonight’s Homework Workbook page 21

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen Hieroglyphics

Egyptian civilization arose a bit after Mesopotamia. Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

The Nile River

Why did the Ancient Egyptians believe the Nile River was a gift?

Ancient Egypt 3200 -500 BC I. Location 1. North Africa 2. Natural barriers: Mediterranean Sea, Sahara Desert, Red Sea A. Result = less prone to invasion. II. Nile River 1. World’s longest river (4000 miles) 2. “Gift of the Nile” annual flooding that deposits rich soil. 3. Benefits A. Easy communication.

Egyptian Society I. Egyptian Kingdoms become one. 1. Menes: Unified Lower & Upper Egypt around 3100 BC. II. Religious Beliefs 1. Polytheistic: belief in many gods controlling earth. 2. Mummification: process of preseriving the dead. A. Afterlife Happy Field of Food or Devourer of Souls 3. Pharaohs: god-kings of Egypt. 4. Chief gods: Isis, Osiris, Amon-Re, Anubis III. Kingdoms of the Nile

Old Kingdom 2650 -2134 BC Achievem ents Built enormous tombs & pyramids. Decline Power struggles, crop failures, & cost of pyramids. Middle Kingdom 2040 -1640 BC New Kingdom 1550 -1070 BC Land drained Traded with for farming. lands along the Red & Mediterranean Sea. Hittites invaded & conquered. Nubians, then others, invaded.

Pyramids These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous. Pyramids were tombs for the kings. These were built in 3500 B. C. E. How old are they?

Political: Egyptian Pharaohs Egyptians were led by Pharaohs. They were priest-kings King Tut is the most famous Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains

Tutankhamun

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dmk. DPa. HSBzg Tutankhamun on the throne

Abu Simbel was built by Ramses II https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Q 8 o. P 5 Zv. Db 70

Hatshepsut: First Female Pharaoh https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 b. YRy_w. ZEJI

Mummies Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified. They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart. When they removed them the organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. They did not take out the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. The Egyptians thought the brain had no significant value, so they took it out through the nose. The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). After this the body was left for 40 -50 days.

Mummies https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 g. D 0 K 7 o. H 92 U

Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics

Hieroglyphics

What did Egyptians write on? Ancient Egyptians used papyrus, a substance derived from the plant of the same name https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. T 4 Fw. La. YD 6 k

The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.

Nubia People around the world have learned about the glorious past of the Egyptian empire, but most have failed to learn of the Nubia, which was sometimes even stronger than the Egyptian empire. Nubia rivaled Egypt in wealth and power, and mutually influenced each other.

The Egyptians called them the Kush. The Kush was comparable with Egypt, and both states communicated with each other constantly. Today we do not hear of Nubia nor Kush. It’s located in modern day Northern Sudan. With the construction of the Aswan high dam in the 1960 s, Nubian land was flooded and that forced some 100, 000 Nubians to seek new homes in Egyptian and Sudanese cities. Nubia's glorious past is now under water.

Egyptian Economy Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade. Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

Egyptian Society The ancient Egyptian people were grouped in a hierarchical system with the Pharaoh at the top and farmers and slaves at the bottom. The groups of people nearest the top of society were the richest and most powerful. The diagram above shows the structure of ancient Egyptian society.

The Pharaoh was believed to be a God on earth and had the most power. He was responsible for making laws and keeping order, ensuring that Egypt was not attacked or invaded by enemies and for keeping the Gods happy so that the Nile flooded and there was a good harvest. The Vizier was the Pharaoh's chief advisor and was sometimes also the High Priest. He was responsible for overseeing administration and all official documents had to have his seal of approval. He was also responsible for the supply of food, settling disputes between nobles and the running and protection of the Pharaoh's household.

Nobles ruled the regions of Egypt (Nomes). They were responsible for making local laws and keeping order in their region. Priests were responsible for keeping the Gods happy. They did not preach to people but spent their time performing rituals and ceremonies to the God of their temple.

Scribes were the only people who could read and write and were responsible for keeping records. The ancient Egyptians recorded things such as how much food was produced at harvest time, how many soldiers were in the army, numbers of workers and the number of gifts given to the Gods. Soldiers were responsible for the defense of the country. Many second sons, including those of the Pharaoh often chose to join the army. Soldiers were allowed to share riches captured from enemies and were also rewarded with land for their service to the country.

Craftsmen were skilled workers such as - pottery makers, leatherworkers, sculptors, painters, weavers, jewelry makers, shoe makers, tailors. Groups of craftsmen often worked together in workshops. Farmers worked the land of the Pharaoh and nobles and were given housing, food and clothes in return. Some farmers rented land from nobles and had to pay a percentage of their crop as their rent.

There were no slave markets or auctions in Ancient Egypt. Slaves were usually prisoners captured in war. Slaves could be found in the households of the Pharaoh and nobles, working in mines and quarries and also in temples.

Today’s Bell Ringer Workbook page 25 Tonight’s Homework Workbook page 27 & 29

The Egyptians called them the Kush. The Kush was comparable with Egypt, and both states communicated with each other constantly. Today we do not hear of Nubia nor Kush. In its place is northern Sudan. With the construction of the Aswan high dam in the 1960 s, Nubian land was flooded and that forced some 100, 000 Nubians to seek new homes in Egyptian and Sudanese cities. Nubia's glorious past is now under water.

Egyptian economy Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade. Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with Indus Valley (in Pakistan)