Child Development FIFTH EDITION Robert S Feldman University
![Child Development FIFTH EDITION Robert S. Feldman University of Massachusetts at Amherst Chapter 1 Child Development FIFTH EDITION Robert S. Feldman University of Massachusetts at Amherst Chapter 1](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-1.jpg)
Child Development FIFTH EDITION Robert S. Feldman University of Massachusetts at Amherst Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Chapter 1 Key Questions • What is child development? • What is the scope Chapter 1 Key Questions • What is child development? • What is the scope](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-2.jpg)
Chapter 1 Key Questions • What is child development? • What is the scope of the field? • What are the key issues and questions in the field of child development? • What is the future of child development likely to hold? Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Child Development • Child development is the scientific study of the patterns of growth, Child Development • Child development is the scientific study of the patterns of growth,](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-3.jpg)
Child Development • Child development is the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change and stability that occur from conception through adolescence. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![The Scope of the Field Child development includes: • Physical development • Cognitive development The Scope of the Field Child development includes: • Physical development • Cognitive development](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-4.jpg)
The Scope of the Field Child development includes: • Physical development • Cognitive development • Social and personality development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Approaches to Child Development Page 6 Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright Approaches to Child Development Page 6 Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-5.jpg)
Approaches to Child Development Page 6 Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Physical Development Physical development examines: • the brain • nervous system • muscles • Physical Development Physical development examines: • the brain • nervous system • muscles •](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-6.jpg)
Physical Development Physical development examines: • the brain • nervous system • muscles • developmental milestones • needs for food, drink, and sleep Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Cognitive Development Cognitive development examines: • learning • memory • problem solving • intelligence Cognitive Development Cognitive development examines: • learning • memory • problem solving • intelligence](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-7.jpg)
Cognitive Development Cognitive development examines: • learning • memory • problem solving • intelligence Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Personality and Social Development • Personality development includes the stability and change of enduring Personality and Social Development • Personality development includes the stability and change of enduring](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-8.jpg)
Personality and Social Development • Personality development includes the stability and change of enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another. • Social development examines how social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Age Ranges and Individual Differences • Researchers divide childhood and adolescence into broad ranges: Age Ranges and Individual Differences • Researchers divide childhood and adolescence into broad ranges:](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-9.jpg)
Age Ranges and Individual Differences • Researchers divide childhood and adolescence into broad ranges: – Prenatal (conception to birth) – Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3) – Preschool period (ages 3 – 5) – Middle childhood (ages 6 – 12) – Adolescence (ages 13 – 19) • However, there are substantial individual differences in the timing of milestones -- age ranges are averages. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Developmental Diversity • In understanding today’s world we must consider children: – With Broad Developmental Diversity • In understanding today’s world we must consider children: – With Broad](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-10.jpg)
Developmental Diversity • In understanding today’s world we must consider children: – With Broad Cultural Situations – From Different Ethnic, Racial and Socioeconomic Backgrounds – Gender Differences RACE= Bio and physical ETHNIC = Cultural, Nationality, Religion and Language Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Cohort Influences on Development • Cohort - A group of people born at around Cohort Influences on Development • Cohort - A group of people born at around](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-11.jpg)
Cohort Influences on Development • Cohort - A group of people born at around the same time in the same place • Cohort effects provide an example of • Normative history-graded influences, which are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment. • In contrast, Normative age-graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Sociocultural-graded Influences • Development is also affected by Normative sociocultural-graded influences, which include: – Sociocultural-graded Influences • Development is also affected by Normative sociocultural-graded influences, which include: –](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-12.jpg)
Sociocultural-graded Influences • Development is also affected by Normative sociocultural-graded influences, which include: – ethnicity – social class – subcultural membership – other factors Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Non-normative Life Events • Finally, non-normative life events also influence development. • Non-normative life Non-normative Life Events • Finally, non-normative life events also influence development. • Non-normative life](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-13.jpg)
Non-normative Life Events • Finally, non-normative life events also influence development. • Non-normative life events are specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person’s life at a time when such events do not happen to most people. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![What’s Your Cohort? Identify your year of birth_______ Normative History Normative Age How impacted What’s Your Cohort? Identify your year of birth_______ Normative History Normative Age How impacted](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-14.jpg)
What’s Your Cohort? Identify your year of birth_______ Normative History Normative Age How impacted your Development? Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010 Normative Socio-Cultural Non-Normative
![Children: Past, Present, and Future Early Views of Children: • Locke (English Philosopher) considered Children: Past, Present, and Future Early Views of Children: • Locke (English Philosopher) considered](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-15.jpg)
Children: Past, Present, and Future Early Views of Children: • Locke (English Philosopher) considered a child to be a tabula rasa—which is Latin for “blank slate. ” In this view, children entered the world with no specific characteristics or personalities. Instead, they were entirely shaped by their experiences as they grew up. • Rousseau (French Philosopher) argued that children were noble savages, meaning that they were born with an innate sense of right and wrong and morality. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Baby Biographies • Among the first instances in which children were methodically studied came Baby Biographies • Among the first instances in which children were methodically studied came](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-16.jpg)
Baby Biographies • Among the first instances in which children were methodically studied came in the form of baby biographies, which were popular in the late 1700 s in Germany. • Observers—typically parents—tried to trace the growth of a single child, recording the physical and linguistic milestones achieved by their child. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Baby Biographies, cont’d • It was not until Charles Darwin, who developed theory of Baby Biographies, cont’d • It was not until Charles Darwin, who developed theory of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-17.jpg)
Baby Biographies, cont’d • It was not until Charles Darwin, who developed theory of evolution • Observation of children took a more systematic turn. • Darwin was convinced that understanding the development of individuals within a species could help identify how the species itself had developed. • Alfred Binet – Intelligence • Stanley Hall- Targeted Adolescence Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Contributions of Women • Women made significant contributions to child development. • Leta Stetter Contributions of Women • Women made significant contributions to child development. • Leta Stetter](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-18.jpg)
Contributions of Women • Women made significant contributions to child development. • Leta Stetter Hollingworth – one of the first psychologists to focus on child development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Major Issues in Child Development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © Major Issues in Child Development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright ©](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-19.jpg)
Major Issues in Child Development Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Continuous Change vs. Discontinuous Change • In continuous change, development is gradual. • Discontinuous Continuous Change vs. Discontinuous Change • In continuous change, development is gradual. • Discontinuous](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-20.jpg)
Continuous Change vs. Discontinuous Change • In continuous change, development is gradual. • Discontinuous change occurs in distinct steps or stages. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Distinguishing Sensitive vs. Critical Periods • Critical periods are specific times during development in Distinguishing Sensitive vs. Critical Periods • Critical periods are specific times during development in](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-21.jpg)
Distinguishing Sensitive vs. Critical Periods • Critical periods are specific times during development in which a particular event has its greatest consequence. • Plasticity or degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable. Early deficits can be overcome. • Sensitive periods are particular times when an organism is susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Life Span Approaches Versus a Focus on Particular Periods • Early developmentalists tended to Life Span Approaches Versus a Focus on Particular Periods • Early developmentalists tended to](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-22.jpg)
Life Span Approaches Versus a Focus on Particular Periods • Early developmentalists tended to focus on the periods of infancy and adolescence, largely to the exclusion of other parts of childhood. • Today, however, the entire period encompassing conception through adolescence is now regarded as important. Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development • Nature – traits, abilities, and capabilities Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development • Nature – traits, abilities, and capabilities](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-23.jpg)
Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development • Nature – traits, abilities, and capabilities inherited from one’s parents – Nature = Genetic – Allows Maturation, or the process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information • Nurture – environmental influences that shape behavior – Nurture = Environment Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![The Future of Child Development • Specialization – new areas of study and perspectives The Future of Child Development • Specialization – new areas of study and perspectives](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-24.jpg)
The Future of Child Development • Specialization – new areas of study and perspectives will emerge • Genetics – the explosion in information about genes and the genetic foundations of behavior will influence all spheres of child development • Diversity – the increasing diversity of U. S. population will focus greater attention to related issues Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
![The Future of Child Development • Research in child development will find uses in The Future of Child Development • Research in child development will find uses in](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/98964cd59d3a4c11a3fdc3ab7c5b2e1c/image-25.jpg)
The Future of Child Development • Research in child development will find uses in numerous other fields • Public interest issues will increasingly be influenced by child development research Feldman / Child Development, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2010
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