Anatomy and Physiology Psychology 2617 Introduction Anatomy vs

Anatomy and Physiology Psychology 2617

Introduction Anatomy vs. physiology l Brain is organized in, at best, a semi random pattern l Some of the names are confusing l l Substantia negra l Zona inserta l Some make a teeny bit of sense l Hippocampus l amygdila

A few key terms l l l l Anterior Caudal Dorsal Frontal Inferior Lateral Medial l l l Posterior Rostral Sagittal Superior Ventral dorsal

The outside is protected by a sack like thingie l The meninges l l Within which we find the CSF Cerebrum l Cerebellum l Sulci and gyri l

l l l Brainstem Cranial nerves Lots of arteries and veins Brain uses 25 percent of the glucose in your system and about 75 percent of your Oxygen So blood is pretty important When blood supply is cut off to the brain you get a stroke

Some gross internal features l Ventricles l What do they do? l Good question White matter l Grey matter l

Internal Organization l l l Four lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital In general they have function but remember this is in general

Some important Subcortical structures l l l Hippocampus Amygdila Thalamus Hypothalamus Nucleus accumbens Medula

Brain is divided into two hemispheres l Connected via the corpus collosum l Not all animals have a cc l l Many birds have only a small bundle of connections that allow their two hemispheres to communicate l Allows cool research to be donw l Nicky Clayton’s work on food storing birds

Neurons l Glial cells l Axons and dendrites l A whole bunch of neurons connected is called a tract or a nerve, depending on where it is l

CNS PNS et al The division of the nervous system into say the CNS and the PNS is really about anatomy l Nothing wrong with this, but the distinction is not as much about physiology l Physiologically we can talk about the cranial nervous system and the spinal nervous system l

Cranial stuff Twelve sets of two l Control inputs and outputs from stuff in the head l The Brainstem gets inputs from the senses l Outputs to the rest of the body (so not the head in other words) l You can divide it into the hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon l

Hindbrain Fine movements l Balance l Cerebellum too l l Key for fine movement l May be important in learning l Quick movements too l Reticular formation l Sleep, wakefulness l Connections to cortex, wake you up

midbrain Tectum l Superior colliculus does vision l Inferior colliculus does audition l Just below the tectum is the tegmentum, also important in movement l

Diencephalon l Hypothalamus l l l Hunger Thirst Sex thermoregulation Thalamus l Sensory switchboard

The Forebrain This is where those lobes are l Collectively known as the Cortex l Limbic cortex or old cortex l l Just l below the neocortex Basal ganglia l Very important in movement l Substantia negra is there l Parkinson’s

Limbic system HP l Amygdala l l Emotion? l Nucleus accumbens l Runs l on dopamine Olfactory bulb l Ours is itty bitty

Spinal nervous system l l l Spinal column Nerves running to and from the spinal column that control body and receive input Dermatomes

Inside the spinal column l Dorsal root l l Ventral root l l From sensory receptor To movement Bell-Megendie Law

Internal or Autonomic system l Sympathetic l Arousal l Parasympathetic l Cool l down A lot of what goes on in this system is hormonal

Principles of nervous system organization l l l l Sequence is input -> integrate -> Output Functional division between sensory and motor systems Inputs and outputs are crossed Symmetry and asymmetry Excitation and inhibition Multiple levels of function Parallel and hierarchical (Hughlings Jackson) Localized and distributed