An Exploration of Parenting Styles Impact on the

An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of Values Kristi A. Mannon, M. S. , Rawya M. Al-Jabari, M. S. , Amy R. Murrell, Ph. D. , Erin K. M. Hogan, B. S. , & Teresa C. Hulsey, B. A.

Emerging Adulthood • Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental stage • Emerging adults have a unique opportunity to form their identity and develop a value system (Hauser & Greene, 1991) 2

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy & Values • Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a treatment model that specifically addresses values 3

Family Value Transmission Model • Relatedness/closeness is key to the internalizing values from one’s environment (Niemiec et al. , 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000) • Parenting style is thought to impact value transmission (Grusec, Goodnow, and Kuczynski, 2000) 4

Parenting Styles • Various theories exist in regards to the best parenting styles and the way those styles are defined 5

Purpose of Current Study • Is parenting style related to the degree to which values are freely chosen (i. e. , intrinsic) versus based on external circumstances (i. e. , extrinsic)? • Examine: relationships between parenting styles, parent-child relationship, and values transmission 6

Hypothesis 1 1. Parenting styles and quality of parentchild relationship would be correlated • 1 a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship • 1 b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship 7

Hypothesis 2 2. Parenting style would be correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • 2 a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • 2 b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen 8

Hypothesis 3 3. Quality of parent-child relationship would be positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen 9

Hypothesis 4 • 4. Parenting style would impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen 10

Hypothesized Path Model 11

Participants • 454 undergraduate from UNT volunteered for Sona • Inclusion into the study included: • (a) English-speaking • (b) between the ages of 18 and 25 years old • Mean age of 19. 86 (SD = 1. 7) 12

Participants 13

Measures • Demographics Questionnaire • Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ) • Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) • Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI) 14

Primary Analysis • Correlation matrix • Regression models • Analysis of path models and fit 15

Hypothesis 1: Supported Female Caregivers 1. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated Hypothesis Scale r Significance 1 a Authoritarian - QRI -. 38 p <. 01 1 b Authoritative -QRI . 64 p <. 01 16

Hypothesis 2: Supported Female Caregivers 2. Parenting styles were correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen Hypothesis Scales r Significance 2 a Authoritarian- PVQ -. 59 p <. 01 2 b Authoritative -PVQ . 47 p <. 01 17

Hypothesis 3: Supported Female Caregivers 3. The quality of parent-child relationship was positively correlated with degree the degree to which values are freely chosen Hypothesis 3 Scale r Significance QRI -PVQ . 54 p <. 01 18

Hypothesis 4: Supported Female Caregivers 4. Parenting styles impacted the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen First Regression Model β B p Authoritarian -. 17 -. 03 p <. 001 Authoritative . 57 . 11 p <. 001 β B p Authoritarian -. 43 -1. 70 p <. 001 Authoritative . 12 . 53 p <. 001 Emotional Support . 30 6. 80 p <. 001 Second Regression Model 19

Hypothesis 4: Supported Female Caregivers 20

Female Caregivers Model Fit Statistic Result RMSEA =. 03 Between an excellent and good fit NFI =. 996 Good fit χ2 = (2) = 2. 58, p >. 05 Good fit 21

Hypothesis 1: Supported Male Caregivers 1. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated Hypothesis Scale r Significance 1 a Authoritarian - QRI -. 24 p <. 01 1 b Authoritative -QRI . 65 p <. 01 22

Hypothesis 2: Not Supported Male Caregivers 2. Parenting styles were not significantly correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen Hypothesis Scales r Significance 2 a Authoritarian- PVQ -. 07 Not Significant 2 b Authoritative -PVQ . 07 Not Significant 23

Hypothesis 3: Not Supported Male Caregivers 3. The quality of parent-child relationship was not significantly positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen Hypothesis 3 Scale r Significance QRI -PVQ . 09 Not Significant 24

Hypothesis 4: Not Supported Male Caregivers 4. Parenting style did not significantly impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen First Regression Model β B p Authoritarian -. 04 -. 01 p =. 42 Authoritative . 64 . 10 p <. 001 β B p Authoritarian -. 05 -. 21 p =. 40 Authoritative . 004 . 01 p =. 96 Emotional Support . 07 . 01 p =. 32 Second Regression Model 25

Hypothesis 4: Not Supported Male Caregivers 26

Male Caregivers Model Fit Statistic Result NFI =. 94 Not a good fit χ2 = (2) = 19. 704, p <. 001 Not a good fit 27

Discussion • Female Caregivers • Parents impact value transmission through parenting style • Authoritative parents => children who have more freely chosen or intrinsic values • Perhaps the parent-child relationship is important in the degree to which values are freely chosen 28

Discussion • Male Caregivers • Parenting styles impacts quality of parent -child relationship • Authoritarian nor Authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • Trending… • Parent-child relationship not correlated with degree values are freely chosen • In the right direction… 29

Limitations • Research design • Measurement • Generalizability • Method of data collection 30

Clinical Implications • Importance of values: • High valuing is negatively correlated with various symptoms of psychopathology (Adcock, Murrell, & Woods, 2007; Plumb et al. 2007; Van. Dyke, Rogers, & Wilson, 2006; Taravella, 2010; Mc. Cracken & Yang, 2006) • Levels of distress: • Inverse relationship between acceptance and valuing behavior and psychological distress • College student mental health issues have been on the rise (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010) • Examining values better understanding and aid in treatment and intervention 31

Thank you! Rawya Al-Jabari, MS University of North Texas Rawya. Al-Jabari@my. unt. edu Kristi Mannon, MS University of North Texas Kristi. Mannon@my. unt. edu