A New Nation 1781 1850 Unit 2 Unit

A New Nation 1781 -1850 Unit 2

Unit Project: • District DBQ Federalist or Antifederalist

Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism Students will … • Identify economic differences among the different regions of the United States, analyze Andrew Jackson’s presidency, & describe the conflict over states’ rights.

Regional Economies Create Differences Students will… • Describe the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the United States. • Explain how two different economic systems developed in the North & the South. • Summarize the American System, a plan devised to unite the country.

U. S. History Bell Work: One American’s Story page 212. Who is Eli Whitney & what did he demonstrate for John Adams in 1801? What is the importance of interchangeable parts?

Regional Economies Create Differences • The North & the South developed different economic systems that led to political differences between the regions. • Different regions of the country continue to have differing political & economic interests today.

Another Revolution Affects America • New approaches to manufacturing took industry out of American homes & artisans’ workshops. • Factories became the new centers of industry. • Mass-production – the production of goods in large quantities • Industrial Revolution – social & economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools & largescale factory production developed.

Another Revolution Affects America • Great Britain Starts A Revolution • Generate power using swiftly flowing steams & bountiful supplies of coal. • Power generated machinery & ways to use it to mass produce goods such as textiles. • The Industrial Revolution In The U. S. • Embargo Act of 1807 & the War of 1812 turned Americans attention toward the development of domestic industries. • Embargo Act had shut down many shipping centers in New England by 1809. • British blockade stopped shipping in America & Americans were forced to invest in other ventures.

What effects did the Embargo Act of 1807 & the War of 1812 have on Americans involved in shipping & foreign trade? Shipping & foreign trade came to a standstill, causing people who worked in these interests to seek other kinds of work & invest in other businesses.

Another Revolution Affects America • New England Industrializes • 1793, Samuel Slater had established the first successful mechanized textile factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. • Only mass-produced thread • 1813, three Bostonians, Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, & Patrick Tracy Jackson, mechanized all the stages in the manufacturing of cloth & built their first factory in Waltham, Mass. • 1820 s, Thousands of people – mostly young women – journeyed to industrial centers in search of work.

How did manufacturing develop in New England? Mechanization of clothmaking; power machinery; expansion of manufacturing centers using labor from nearby farming communities.

Two Economic Systems Develop • Agriculture In The North • Smaller farms growing only what a family needed • Grow one or two crops to sell or trade in the cities & purchase whatever they needed. • Little demand for slave labor & Northerners began to voice their religious & political objections. • 1804, almost all northern states had voluntarily abolished slavery. • Cotton Is King In The South • 1793, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, cleans the seeds from the cotton. • Cotton in great demand in Britain & in the North. • 1820, plantation system of farming transformed Louisiana, Mississippi, & Alabama into a booming cotton kingdom.

How were the agricultural systems of the North & South different? Small farms developed in the North, ending the demand for slaves. Large plantations developed in the South, leading to the expansion of slavery with cotton as the staple crop.

Two Economic Systems Develop • Slavery Becomes Entrenched • Increases in cotton production & increases in the number of slaves owned paralleled each other. • 1790 to 1810, cotton production surged from 3, 000 bales a year to 178, 000 bales. • Number of slaves in the South leapt from 700, 000 to 1, 200, 000. • By 1808 slave traders had brought 250, 000 additional Africans to the United States – as many as had been brought to the mainland American colonies between 1619 & 1776.

Clay Proposes the American System • 1815, President Madison presents a plan to unite the different regions & create a stable economy. • Developing transportation systems & other internal improvements • Establishing a protective tariff • Resurrecting the national bank. • Henry Clay, House Speaker, named it the American System.

What was the intention of the American System? The American System united the nation’s economic interests by having the North produce manufactured goods that farmers in the South & West would buy, while the South & West would raise the grain, livestock, & cotton needed in the North.

Erie Canal & Other Internal Improvements • 1825, first steam locomotive. • Fast, able to cross almost any terrain, & possible to operate in severe weather. • National Road, began in 1811. • By 1838 extended from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois. • Erie Canal (“Big Ditch”) stretched 363 miles, took 8 years to dig, linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie. • By 1837, other states had built over 3, 000 miles of canals.

Tariffs & The National Bank • Tariff of 1816 • Tariffs increased the price of foreign goods making American goods able to compete. • Tariffs also helped pay for roads, canals, & lighthouses. • Second National Bank of the U. S. • Currency guaranteed to be accepted nationwide. • Easier to do business with different regions.

Lab Assignment: • Research how the Industrial Revolution changed the lives of the working middle classes. • What were the living & working conditions like before & during the Industrial Revolution?

Nationalism at Center Stage Students will… • Discuss how the federal government asserted its jurisdiction over state governments. • Explain how foreign affairs were guided by national selfinterest. • Summarize the issues that divided the country as the United States expanded its borders.

U. S. History Bell Work: How was the American System expected to unite the nation’s economic interests?

Nationalism at Center Stage • Nationalism exerted a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, & westward expansion in the early 1800 s. • Nationalism continues to affect such decisions as whether or not we should involve the country in foreign conflicts & what limits can be placed on business, communications, & other trade.

Supreme Court Boosts National Power • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Federal government has authority over interstate commerce. • Everything from air traffic to television & radio waves to interstate cellular communications. • Strengthening Government Economic Control • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) • Denied states right to tax federal institutions • “The power to tax is the power to destroy. ” • Limiting State Powers • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • Nullified Georgia law that violated constitutional rights to enter into contracts. • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • States cannot interfere with contracts

In what ways did the Supreme Court boost federal power? In a series of decisions, the Supreme Court strengthened federal economic power & limited state powers.

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • John Quincy Adams, the secretary of state. • Nationalism – the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries. • Territory & Boundaries • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) • Demilitarize Great Lakes, 49 th parallel northern border, & share the Oregon Territory. • Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain cedes Florida to the U. S.

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • The Monroe Doctrine • 1823, Monroe warned all outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. • No new colonies or attempts to overthrow newly independent republics in the western hemisphere. • U. S. would consider such action as “dangerous to our peace & safety. ”

How did the foreign policies of John Quincy Adams & James Monroe serve national interests? Their policies expanded the nation’s territory, settled its boundaries, and warned European powers against intervening in the Western Hemisphere.

Nationalism Pushes America West • Expansion To The West • Settlers head West to escape debts, the law, or were in search of economic gain. • Land was plentiful, fertile, & cheap. • The Missouri Compromise • 1818 there were 10 free & 10 slave states. • Illinois became the 11 th free state & while debate over Missouri continued, Alabama became the 11 th slave state. • Missouri Compromise – Maine admitted as a free state & Missouri as a slave state preserving the balance. • Rest of Louisiana Territory split at 36° 30’ north latitude. • South of the line slavery was legal, North, except for Missouri, slavery was banned.

Lab Assignment: • Define nationalism & provide two specific examples of nationalism that we discussed in this section. • Write a short biography on: • • John Quincy Adams James Monroe Henry Clay John Calhoun

The Age of Jackson Students will… • Describe the tension between Adams & Jackson; describe the expansion of suffrage. • Explain Jackson’s spoils system & his appeal to the common citizen. • Summarize the effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

U. S. History Bell Work: Do you plan to vote when you turn 18? Do you think that the government has the right to move the native people of countries it conquers? Why or why not?

The Age of Jackson • Andrew Jackson’s policies spoke for the common people but violated Native American rights. • The land losses & persecution faced by Native Americans in the 1800 s continue to be reflected in their legal struggles today.

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics • Tension Between Adams & Jackson • Followers of Jackson accused Adams of stealing the election on 1824. • Democratic-Republican Party formed by Jackson’s followers & did whatever they could to sabotage Adams policies. • Democracy & Citizenship • Property qualifications for voting done away with. • 1828 more people voted, electing Andrew Jackson.

Jackson’s New Presidential Style • Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen • Adams an intellectual elitist • Jackson a man of humble origins “Old Hickory” • Jackson’s Spoils System • “to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy” • Incoming officials throw out former appointees & replace them with their own friends. • Fired nearly 10% of the federal employees & gave the jobs to loyal Jacksonians.

What is the spoils system? The spoils system is a system of government in which leaders of the incoming government throw out the appointees of the previous government & replace them with their won appointees.

Removal of Native Americans • Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, & Chickasaw adopted European customs. • Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Assimilation would not work, Removal the only option. • Indians moved west of the Mississippi (Indian Territory established)

Why did Jackson think that Native Americans should be moved west of the Mississippi? He did not think assimilation would work; he thought it would take too many white troops to police the Native Americans in the East among white settlers.

Removal of Native Americans • The Cherokee Fight Back • Worcester v. Georgia (1832) • Georgia not entitled to regulate the Cherokee nor to invade their lands • “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. ” • $5 million for the remaining Cherokee lands. • 1838, 20, 000 still remained in the East.

Removal of Native Americans • The Trail of Tears • Oct. & Nov. 1838 in groups of 1, 000 the Cherokee made the 800 mile trip mostly by foot. • Government officials stole their money, while outlaws stole their livestock. • More than 1/4 th of their people died along the way.

Lab Assignment: • Write a letter to President Jackson expressing your views on the Indian Removal Act. • Cite specific examples on how the act will affect your life. • Classzone. com chapter 7 links • National Historic Trail

States’ Rights & the National Bank Students will… • Explain how the protective tariff laws raised the issue of states’ rights. • Summarize how Jackson destroyed the Bank of the United States. • Identify some of Jackson’s economic policies & their impact on his successor.

U. S. History Bell Work: How did the Cherokee react to the Indian Removal Act?

States’ Rights & the National Bank • Andrew Jackson confronted two important issues during his presidency – states’ rights & a national bank. • The conflict between states’ rights & federal government control continues to flare up in such arenas as education, commerce, & law enforcement.

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue • The Nullification Theory • John C. Calhoun, Pres. Jackson’s Vice President from South Carolina. • 1828 tariff called a Tariff of Abominations • Forced the South to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods. • “The South Carolina Exposition” • I f the federal government refused to permit a state to nullify a federal law, the state had the right to withdraw from the Union.

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue • Hayne & Webster Debate States’ Rights • • Hayne, from South Carolina, condemned the tariff. Webster, from Massachusetts, warned of rebellion to come. Jackson, “Our Union: it must be preserved. ” Calhoun resigned the vice-presidency in 1832 • South Carolina Rebels • Tariff of 1832 null & void & threatened to secede from the Union if officials attempted to collect the tax. • Jackson declared treason & threatened to hang Calhoun & send troops. • Force Bill of 1833 • Henry Clay proposed a tariff that would gradually lower over a 10 -year period.

What were Jackson’s & Calhoun’s differing opinions on states’ rights versus federal authority? Jackson thought that federal authority was supreme, while Calhoun thought that states’ rights were supreme.

Jackson Attacks the National Bank • Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States (BUS). • Jackson Opposes the Bank • Thought the bank was a symbol of big business • Saw the bank as a tool of the upper classes & a threat to democracy. • Pet Banks • Banks loyal to the Democratic Party in an attempt to undermine the BUS. • 1836, the BUS became just another Philadelphia bank & five years later went out of business. • Whig Party Forms • Whigs backed the ideals of the American System • Federal controlled banking system & a national currency.

Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy • Martin Van Buren • Jackson’s VP won the election in 1836, 8 th President of the U. S. • Jackson’s Legacy • Panic of 1837, bank closings & the collapse of the credit system, bankrupted hundreds of businesses, & put 1/3 rd of the population out of work. • Harrison & Tyler • William Henry Harrison, 9 th president & an old war hero. • Died one month after his inauguration of pneumonia. • John Tyler “His Accidency”, opposed the Whig Party program to revitalize the economy.

How did Jackson’s actions hurt the nation’s economy? Jackson had funds deposited in pet banks – which were often wildcat banks - & made specie the only acceptable form of payment for public lands, which contributed to the panic of 1837.

Lab Assignment: • Write a brief biography on one of the four Presidents mentioned in this chapter. • • Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler

U. S. History Bell Work: What measures was Jackson willing to take in response to South Carolina’s threat to secede in 1832?

Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism Activity • Students will travel around the United States in the footsteps of Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville. Students will practice their oral presentation skills as they synthesize information from primary sources, secondary sources, & interactive maps in a video news report about de Tocqueville’s 1831 trip to the United States. • Research de Tocqueville’s 1831 trip using the following websites: http: //www. tocqueville. org/ • Create videotaped news reports “covering” de Tocqueville’s travels.