Shaping A New Nation Chapter 5 1781 1789

Shaping A New Nation Chapter 5 1781 -1789

Experimenting with Confederation Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but the new government found it too weak to solve the nation’s problems l The reaction to the weak Articles of Confederation led to a stronger central government that has continued to expand its power. l 9/25/2020 2

l After the American Revolution why was it so hard to draw up a plan for the new government? l Make sure the government did not have too much power. l What did the founding fathers do to developing a government with limited powers? l Balance between state and federal and dividing the government into the three branches. l To win the approval of the Constitution what was added? l Bill of Rights 9/25/2020 3

What is so important about the Constitution? l Central to American life and our ideals. l Continually defines the rights of citizens and limits of governmental power. l Remains the model for representative government. 9/25/2020 4

Colonies Become States l l l The Revolutionary War gave colonies a common goal but as these colonies became states they remained reluctant to unite under a strong central government. Some of the relics of the colonial period survived in the new system of government. This relics were what? System of self-governing states. Eighteenth-century Americans believed that a democracy or government directly by the people placed too much power in the hands of the uneducated masses. 9/25/2020 5

l l The founders favored a republic a government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives. Republicanism the idea that governments should be based on the consent of the people meant differ things to different Americans. Many Americans were influenced by the writings of the philosopher and economist Adam Smith believed that a republic would benefit from self interest. They asserted that if a government allowed independent citizens to pursue their own economic and political interests the whole nation would benefit. 9/25/2020 6

l As states created their own constitutions they wrestled with how to put republican ideals into practice. l The constitutions of many states shared similarities like- limited the powers of government leaders. They guaranteed specific rights for citizens, including freedom of speech, religion, and press. l In general states constitutions emphasized liberty rather than equality and reflected a fear of centralized authority. 9/25/2020 2 3 7

l l l Some states had different constitutions differed widely granting the right to vote. The new states were more democratic than any western nation at this time it was still only a vey limited democracy by modern standards. African American were not allowed to vote. Some states granted voting rights to all white males other continued to make property ownership a requirement for voting. Despite the more active political role women had played in the Revolution they were still denied the right to vote. Some women got the vote in New Jersey and it lasted until 1807. 9/25/2020 8

l l l In the world most of the nations were stilled ruled by who? Kings There were few political systems that could serve as models for the new republic. While the states developed their individual constitutions, the Continental Congress tried to draft one for the states as a whole. Although states were equal as political entities they were unequal in size and wealth and population. 9/25/2020 9

l l The differences between states caused problems of representation in the new government. People couldn’t decide whether delegates to a new government should represent a state’s population or each state should send the same number of representatives. Congress would propose a new type government in a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation on in which two levels of government shared fundamental powers. State governments were supreme in some matters and national government was supreme in other matters. 9/25/2020 10

l l l The delegates called the new form of government a confederation or alliance. The principal author of the Articles of Confederation was John Dickinson who actually opposed breaking with Great Britain. By 1779 12 states had agreed to accept new government but conflict over western lands delayed final approval for two more years. Finally the Articles of Confederation would be approved in March 1781. Confederation Congress faced the question of how to govern the land west of the Appalachians. 9/25/2020 11

Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 -established a method for surveying and dividing the land. What was the method for dividing the land? l The land was arranged into townships 6 square miles. l Each township divided into 36 sections, one square mile l 9/25/2020 12

Land Ordinance of 1785 reserved the 16 th section for support of public schools. This helped promote education early in the nations history. 16 9/25/2020 13

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 l What was the Northwest Ordinance? l Provided the basis for governing much of the western territory. l What would be the result of the new territory? l Three to five new states 9/25/2020 14

l What did the ordinance guarantee? l Certain rights- What were the rights? l Freedom of Religion l Property Rights l And rights to trial by a jury l Also stated that “there would be neither slavery nor servitude in the territory. 9/25/2020 15

Three stages for becoming a state. 1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. 2. When a territory had 5, 000 voting residents the settlers could write a temporary constitution and elect their own government. 3. When the total population of a territory reached 60, 000 free inhabitants the settlers could write a state constitution which had to be approved by Congress before it granted statehood. l 9/25/2020 2/3 16

l After its success in dealing with the Northwest territory the Confederation encountered overwhelming problems in dealing with more immediate issues. l These problems ranged from economic issues such as taxation and national debt to political issues such as the nature of Congressional representation. l In addition to these domestic issues there were also many foreign relations problem that the Confederation was powerless to solve. 9/25/2020 17

l l l The most serious problem was that the country under the Confederation lacked national unity. Each state functioned independently by pursing its own interests rather than those of the nation as a whole. The most serious economic problem was the huge debt that the Congress had amassed during the Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress had borrowed $190 million a huge amount of money. The Congress had borrowed money from other countries and printed its own money which was worthless. 9/25/2020 18

Lacking the power to tax the Congress requested the states, approval to impose taxes on imported goods. l Unable to impose taxes the Confederation Congress also had no control over interstate of foreign trade. l How many states did it take to approve changes to the Articles of Confederations? l Nine of the Thirteen l 9/25/2020 19

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Provision Problem Created Weak currency and growing debt Congress has no power to tax Inability to pay army leads to threats of mutiny Congress has no power to enforce treaties Foreign countries angry when treaties are not honored Every state, despite size has one vote Populous states not equally represented Congress has no power to regulate commerce Trade hindered by states imposing high tariffs on each other Amendment requires unanimous vote of states 9/25/2020 Difficult to adapt articles to changing needs 20

What did the Articles of Confederation do? l Established a weak central government. l How often did the Congress meet? l Once a year. l What powers did the Congress have? l Declare war, raise armies, and sign treaties. l What powers did Congress not have? l Impose taxes or regulate trade. 9/25/2020 21

Why it is so important? l Without money or real power over the states, the Confederation Congress got little respect. l Many times its members often did not bother to attend the called sessions. 9/25/2020 22

So how did the Congress raise money? 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 23

l Sold the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. l Congress sold and divided the land into townships- this made it easier to divide, sell, and govern. 9/25/2020 24

What other things did the Confederation Congress do? l Promote trade with other countries l Why was this important? 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 25

So without the Confederation Congress being able to control commerce what did states do? l Taxed each other. l Why was this a problem? l Threatened the Union l So one of the biggest problems our nation faced was the trade issue between states. 9/25/2020 26

Other problems facing the new nation l Confederation had no powers over states, so it could not force a state to pay their debts or return the property to Loyalists, this was a violation of the Treaty of Paris. l Congress had no means to raise money to pay debts. l So what did the British do? l Did not have to leave the U. S. 9/25/2020 27

So with the slowdown of economic activity with Britain and coming out of a war what would occur? l l l l RECESSION What is a recession? Economic slow down Who was most affected by the recession? Farmers To pay for the war debts many states started issuing what? Bonds 9/25/2020 28

Shays’s Rebellion Daniel Shays was a veteran of the American Revolution. l After he returned to his farmer he faced numerous debts and debtors’ prison. l Shays felt that he was a victim of too much taxation. l During the summer and fall of 1786 he led an army to close courts. l 9/25/2020 29

Shay’s Rebellion l l l In January 1787, Shay and some 1, 200 farmers headed to a state arsenal at Springfield. In response the governor sent some 4, 000 militia under the command of General Benjamin Lincoln to defend the arsenal. Four farmers would die in the fight with rest scattering thus ended the rebellion. Why is this so important? 1 st time to use soldiers against own people. 9/25/2020 30

l l l What would be the significance of the rebellion? Would rebellion spread to other states. This would cause the leaders to clearly push for a stronger national government. Why do you think Shays’s rebellion made states decide to participate in the Philadelphia convention? The states feared other uprisings would occur and show the weakness of the national government in dealing with economic problems. 9/25/2020 31

At the Philadelphia convention in 1787 delegates rejected the Articles of Confederation and created a new Constitution. l One of the nation’s biggest problems was trade between the states. l On September 1786 leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton called a meeting of state delegates to discuss issues of interstate trade. l One big issue the delegates faced was giving fair representation to both large and small states. 9/25/2020 32

Madison’s Virginia Plan proposed a bicameral legislature with membership on each state’s population. l Smaller states’ would vigorously object Madison's Plan. l 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 33

Constitutional Convention l l l l Most of the 55 delegates had experience in government. Who did the members chose as the presiding officer? George Washington James Madison kept the records of the meeting. What was unique about the Convention? Closed to the public. Why? To ensure honesty and no outside pressure. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 34

Who were the supporters of a stronger central government? Supporters were George Washington Benjamin Franklin James Madison Alexander Hamilton l What were they called? Nationalist 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 35

Hamilton Suggestion That a convention of states be called for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. l Every state attended except which state? l Rhode Island l 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 36

Two Plans l What two plans would be introduced at the convention? l Virginia l New Jersey 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 37

Virginia Plan l l Who introduced this plan? Edmund Randolph What did it propose? Throwing out the Articles of Confederation and creating a new national government. l With what powers? l Making laws binding upon the states and to raise its money through taxes. l Also three branches of government to be established 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 38

New Jersey Plan l Who proposed this plan? l William Paterson l What did he propose? l Revise the Articles of Confederation to make a stronger central government. l Congress to have a single house in which each state would be equally represented. l Congress would have power to raise taxes and regulate trade. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 39

Which plan did Congress proceed with? l Virginia Plan- with the purpose of working on a new constitution for the United States. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 40

What was in the Virginia Plan? l On May 29, 1787, Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph proposed what became known as "The Virginia Plan. " l Written primarily by fellow Virginian James Madison, the plan traced the broad outlines of what would become the U. S. Constitution: a national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 41

What was in the Virginia Plan? In its amended form, this page of Madison's plan shows his ideas for a legislature. l It describes 2 houses: one with members elected by the people for 3 -year terms and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7 -year terms. l Both would use population as a basis for dividing seats among the states. l 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 42

What would be needed from the Confederation Congress to make our nation successful? A Constitution 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 43

A Union Built on Compromise l The delegates of the Constitutional Convention were divided geographically. l Smaller states wanted change why? Protect them from the voting power of the larger states. l What was another issue between regions of the new nation? l l Slavery l How would they resolve these issues? l Compromise 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 44

So what compromise would be the turning point? l The Connecticut Compromise l What was another name given for this compromise? l Great Compromise l Whose ideas was this compromise base on? l Roger Sherman 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 45

So how did they compromise? l l l l Appointed a special committee to workout differences. What was the outcome? Great Compromise. What did this compromise do? House of Representatives- states represented according to size of their population. How would some one become a representative? Senate all states would have equal number of senators. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 46

How would one become a senator? l The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. l Clause 2: l No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 47

June 30 th 1787 l l l A compromise was reached, in Philadelphia combining the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan. This has been a major conflict for quite a while. The New Jersey Plan was debated for four days, but the larger states rejected it. The Virginia Plan was debated for two weeks. Many believe that the compromise that has been reached is a major progression towards the unification of the States under a Federal System and has solved the problem of state representation. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 48

Problems and Compromise over Slavery l How did Southern States want the enslaved to be counted? l How did the Northern States view enslaved people? l What did they agree on? l Three Fifths Compromise- What is this? l Every 5 enslaved people in a state would count as 3 free persons for determining both representation and taxes. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 49

l Southern delegates insisted that the new constitution forbid interference with the slave trade and limit Congress’s power to regulate trade. l Do you see a problem that is building? l Northern delegates wanted a government with control over foreign imports into the United States. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 50

Another Compromise l A compromise over these issues would be worked out it stated; the new Congress could not tax exports. l It also could not ban the slave trade until 1808 or impose high taxes on the import of enslaved persons. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 51

Congress approves a new Constitution l States had to ratify the new Constitution how many states must ratify the Constitution for it to take effect? l Nine 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 52

Framework for Limited Government l The Constitution was based on the principle called what? l Popular sovereignty What is this? l Ruled by the people l What does this mean? l Representative system in which elected officials represent the voice of the people. l 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 53

Constitution also created a system of government known as what? l Federalism l What is federalism? l Dividing the governments power between federal or national government and state governments. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 54

Constitution also provided for a separation of powers. What is this? l Three branches of government and the two house of government. l What do we call these houses? l Legislative branch l What do they do? l Make laws 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 55

What is the executive branch? l President- V. P. and Cabinet l What is his job? l Enforce and implement the laws passed by Congress. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 56

What is the Judicial Branch and its function? l Federal courtsl There function is to interpret laws and render judgment in cases involving those laws. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 57

Can a person serve in the Senate and serve as a Federal Judge? l No l The Constitution provides for a system called checks and balanceswhat is this? l Establish to keep one branch of government from having too much power. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 58

l l l l What does the powers of the President include? Appoints judges, propose legislation, put down rebellions, and veto acts of congress, commander an chief of the armed forces. If the President doesn’t agree with a bill by the legislative branch what can he do? Veto the bill Can congress override a president’s veto? If so how? A two thirds vote in both the House and Senate may override a Presidential veto of legislation. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 59

What does powers of legislative include? l Approval or reject presidential appointments to cabinet position or federal judges. l Impeach the president or any other member of a high office. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 60

What does powers of judicial include? l Hear all cases arising under the federal law and the Constitution l How long does a federal judge serve? l For life 9/25/2020 61

l The Constitution has a system for making what? l Amendmentsl What are amendments? l Change to the Constitution 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 62

l l How do amendments get approved? Before an amendment can take effect, it must be proposed to the states by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress, and ratified by threequarters of the states. Six amendments proposed by Congress have failed to be ratified by the appropriate number of states' legislatures. Four of these amendments are still technically pending before state lawmakers—the other two have expired by their own terms. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 63

What is meant by ratification? l Affirmation or approval; adoption of an action that was done on ones behalf and treating that action as if it had been authorized by that person before the fact of it having been done. By ratifying an act or action, a person becomes responsible for the consequences of that act or action. Ratification by a two-thirds vote of Congress is needed to propose a constitutional amendment, which must then be ratified by three fourths of the states for it to take effect. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 64

Ratification l Ratification of the Constitution moved to the individual states, where Federalists and Antifederalists argued their opposing views. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 65

People who supported the Constitution where called what? Federalists 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 66

l The name Federalist was chosen with care. l It emphasized that the Constitution would create a federal system. l Power would be divided between central and regional governments. l They hoped the name would remind those Americans who feared a central government that the states would retain many of their powers. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 67

Opponents to the Constitution were called what? Antifederalists l l The Antifederalists were opponents of ratifying the US Constitution. They feared that it would create an overbearing central government, while the Constitution's proponents promised that this would not happen. As the losers in that debate, they are largely overlooked today. But that does not mean they were wrong or that we are not indebted to them. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 68

l l l Many opponents believed the new Constitution should include a Bill of Rights. Why did many oppose the Constitution? Believed it would endanger the independence of the states. Antifederalists included some prominent American leaders and western farmers living far from the coast. John Hancock and Patrick Henry. 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 69

Factors that worked against the Antifederalists included negative campaign, they had nothing to offer in place of the Constitution, the Federalist were better organized and had the support of the major newspapers. l A collection of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in “The Federalist” summarized the Federalists’ arguments of ratification. l 9/25/2020 Free Template from www. brainybetty. com 2006 70