Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 North California

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850 • North- California free State • South- Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas – Rapid settlement of Missouri Region – building of a railroad between St. Louis and Chicago • Particulars – Led to the founding of the Republican Party – Two new territories established – Issue of slavery determined by Popular Sovereignty – Negates the Missouri Compromise

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas” • Violence in Kansas due to Popular Sovereignty • Race to settle region – “Border Ruffians” from South crossed illegally and voted • Pro slavery forces won the election • Antislavery set up a city in Lawrence

• Violence erupted between pro and anti slavery – Proslavery attacked city of Lawrence – John Brown (antislavery) and others waged war – over 200 killed • Hacked off hands of 5 men and stabbed others with broadswords • Pottawatomie Massacre

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

Sumner-Brooks Incident Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

Sumner-Brooks Incident • North saw the attack as an example of Southern brutality and an attack on free speech – Sen. Sumner (Mass) denounced Kansas, Douglas and Brooks – Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) was angered and beat Sumner with a heavy cane until it broke – Sumner did not return to the Senate for 3 years

“I have read your speech twice over, carefully. It is libel on South Carolina and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine. ” - Preston Brooks

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sanford • Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri • Supreme Court Decision, 1857 – Enslaved African Americans were not citizens but property – Could not sue • Struck down Missouri Compromise Scott, “Negros are so inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect. ”

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 ß Northern Whigs. ß Northern Democrats. ß Free-Soilers. ß Know-Nothings. ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Republican Party • Goals – Keep slavery out of Western territories – High Protective Tariff to encourage Northern industries – Transcontinental Railroad

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Abraham Lincoln • Opponent of Slavery • Ask Douglas to explain how his view of popular sovereignty could stand with the Dred Scott ruling

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Slavery could not be implemented without laws to govern it

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 § Fictional account on the horrors of slavery § Motivated Northerners § Sold 300, 000 copies in the first year. § 2 million in a decade!

Black Codes « Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore preemancipation system of race relations. « Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman • Escaped slave who was a leader in the abolitionist movement • Made over 19 trips to the South to lead other slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad • Freed over 300 herself • $40, 000 bounty on her

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raid • Goal: Attack the armory at Harper’s Ferry with 21 people, seize the weapons and give them to the slaves for a rebellion • Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and captured Brown

• Brown was hanged on Dec. 2 1859 • Southern resentment towards abolitionists intensified “Brown had made the gallows glorious like the cross” - Ralph Waldo Emerson

√ Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat 1860 Presidential Election John Bell Constitutional Union John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860 ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

Abraham Lincoln • Slavery is a moral evil • Oppose the spread of slavery • Preserve the Union

1860 Election Results

Southern Response • Feared that Lincoln would dismantle slavery in the South • South Carolina Seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860 • Six others joined by Feb. 1861 • Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of America

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Attempt to restore Missouri Compromise failed

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter • Union Fort low on supplies • Lincoln informs South that he will resupply fort • April 12, 1865 – Confederate Soldiers open fire on Fort • Lincoln issue call for 75, 000 volunteers • Confederate capital moved to Richmond • Start of the Civil War