Todays Extension of Intercultural Competence Intercultural Concepts and

Today’s Extension of Intercultural Competence, Intercultural Concepts and their Applications Intercultural Horizon, Siena October, 8 th 2013 MAURA DI MAURO Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 1

Aims § Describe two main ways at looking at intercultural communication, and at intercultural competence, based upon two main conceptions of “communication” and of “culture” § Reflect on the extension of the “classical” concept of intercultural competence and their application, due to nowadays cultural changes, globalization phenomena, new global assets, financial crisis, and the complexity of stakeholder requests Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 2

Contents 1. The origin of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence 2. The development of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence 3. The evolution of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence 4. The extension of Interculturalism to Social Responsible and Sustainable practices Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 3

1. The origin of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence TODAY’S EXTENSION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE, INTERCULTURAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 4

A definition of “Interculture” § «Interculture» = relationships between cultural identities Intercultural communication Intercultural relationships Intercultural negotiation and mediation Intercultural competence Intercultural training Intercultural policies and governance sistem …… Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 5

Back to the roots of “Intercultural Communication” 1920 1930 Ethnografic methodology: Studies on integration processes 1950 1945 Thomas & Znaniecki: Studies on stereotypes and cultural filters Establishment of FSI training division for diplomatics and technitions 1959 Allport: studies on prejudges ETHNOGRAFIC METHODOLOGIES: INTEGRATION PROCESSES LANGUAGE TRAINING Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 6

From the roots to the development of “Intercultural Communication” 1960 1971 1976 1977 1980 1991 Development and spread of multinationals Introduction of the concept of Cultural Schock and of Intercultural Competence 2000 2008 Virtual team, CRS, sustainability INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT PROCESSES FACILITATION Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 7

The concept of «Intercultural Competence» § In general, “Intercultural Competence” are included within relational competence and refers to different roles and contexts § Is the capability to behave appropriate (coherent with the rules and the expectations of a given cultural context) and effective (able to succeed in the light of ones personal goals and objectives within cultural diverse contexts) § The concept is rooted in an Anglo-Saxon pragmatism, which emphasizes individual achievement, pertinence and effectiveness Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 8

2. The development of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence TODAY’S EXTENSION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE, INTERCULTURAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 9

Communication as messages transmission § 1950 s, Shannon & Weaver: The communication model is based on the methaphor of the telecommunication systems Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 10

Culture as a «reified» concept § Human societies are built of culture, a “thing” that homologates and separates them: culture is a monolithic reality § Culture is a property of people, groups, organization, made up of traditions, norms, values, principles § Cultural differences can be measured and compared on a graded scale along lines of certain cultural and ethical dimensions Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 11

Culture as a «reified» concept Plus Minus § Furnishing a starting point for § Emphasizing the internal homogeneity understanding a specific culture of a target group, leading to over§ Favours the understanding of certain generalizations and stereotypes cultural differences and intercultural § Impossible to offer recipes or misunderstandings exhaustive “does and don’ts” for each § Highlights the need to change one’s existing culture interpretative framework and to make § Difficulty to identifying oneself as behavioural adaption belonging to a single pure culture § Reduces anxiety and uncertainty in identity encountering a diverse culture Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 maura. dimauro@libero. it www. mauradimauro. weebly. com 12

3. The evolution of Intercultural Communication and of Intercultural Competence TODAY’S EXTENSION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE, INTERCULTURAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 13

Communication as dialogical conversations § ‘ 70 s-’ 80, Habermans, Grice, …: Interaction and dialogue between conversation’s participants and within oneself Negotiation and meaning construction Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 14

From a «reified» to a «narrative» concept of culture «Reified» culture § Considers culture as static and crystallized «Narrative» culture § Considers culture in their dynamism and evolution § Emphasises deep cultural differences, § Considers cultural differences … but it reduces the use of culture dimensions, cultural groups’ homogeneity and of “us vs. you” contrapositions purity § Cultural characteristics and group’s traditions are described § Cultural reality have porous edges, where interactions and exchanges occurs, as well traditions and innovation Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 15

Culture as a «narrative» concept § Culture is an open and complex relationship system, where interactions, as well, storytelling are interconnected § Culture itself is a mediation system: a space of exchanges § Culture is a polyphonic narration where a multiplicity of actors participate building it (Bachtin, 1981; Mantovani, 1998) Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 16

«Conversations» and «Storytelling» as intervention tools § Intercultural communication as an occasion to become aware of assumptions, to understand to consider different moral positions and values § It allows to explore antagonisms of different groups or identities (e. g. , different institutions, associations, organized groups, and so on) § Conversations and storytelling become intervention tools, through which people and organizations can collaborate, reflect on, and co-create new solutions Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 17

The evolution of the concept of Intercultural Competence § From Intercultural competence as the ability to consider different perceptions and different ways of constructing meaning, by using appropriate mindset and skills … § … To Intercultural competence as the ability to recognize differences in a cultural capital and to be able to interact with them. § No more something inside a person, or that a person can have with a certain degree; but something socially distributed and shared, among different actors and within a certain context Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 18

The evolution of the concept of Intercultural Competence Becomes important: § To be sensitive to shape diversity (i. e. to process an “intercultural gaze”) § To know how to recognize and to map diversity § To be capable of activating and faciliting inclusive processes § To listen actively, being open to different sense-making frameworks without to stuck in a rigid perspective or fixed identity § To be able to integrate different perspectives, values and opinions, thus make it possible to create alternative narratives, new knowledge construction, and eventually re-design practices, policies, processes Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 19

4. The extension of Interculturalism to Social Responsible and Sustainable practices TODAY’S EXTENSION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE, INTERCULTURAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 20

Culture as a marker of identities Schools, university Local community No profit organizations Unites, parties Collectivty Massmedia Supplyers Environments Outseurces employeees Employees, Internal unites Public Administration Stakeholders Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 CFO, partners Clients, consumers, users Trainers, consultants www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 21

Cultural identities protest and straggle for their own recognition Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 22

Some examples of bad Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 23

Some examples of bad Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 24

Some examples of bad Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 25

Some examples of good Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 26

Some examples of good Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 27

Some examples of good Stakeholders Management Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 28

Stakeholders Management applications § Organizational knowledge sharing and creation: i. e. organization improvement or innovation processes § Alternative ideas generation, product or services co-designing, in order to answer customers' or users’ new needs and requests § Designing and implementing socially responsible or sustainable organizational communication campaigns, policy and practices Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 29

Conclusions The success of an organization today depends more and more on: § Customer and client fidelity § Brand trust and reputation § Organization's ability to manage multi-stakeholder relationships § Organization’s ability to implement socially responsible practices sustainable in the long term Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 30

Learnings § The evolution of intercultural communication processes into complex multi-stakeholder relationships requires managers that have greater intercultural competence § A new generation of managers is needed: one that can see diversity from an intercultural perspective, and that can handle relations involving internal and external diversity or identity differences § Managers need to be able to include different interlocutors in conversational processes, to integrate their points of view into responsible and sustainable organizational decision making and into implementation in the organizational processes Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 31

Maura Di Mauro Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Tel. (+39) 02 / 43 1284 40 Mob. (+39) 340 / 32 38 702 E-mail: maura. dimauro@libero. it www. mauradimauro. weebly. com Maura Di Mauro – Intercultural Trainer, Coach & Consultant Via Ciceri Visconti Laura 10/2 20137 Milano Tel. +39 340 3238701 www. mauradimauro. weebly. com maura. dimauro@libero. it 32