The Framing Routine The Content Enhancement Series Patty

The Framing Routine The Content Enhancement Series Patty Kohler & Kevin Floyd July, 2009 Created by The University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning Lawrence, Kansas 66045

Content Enhancement A way of teaching an academically diverse group of students in which: n Both group and individual needs are valued and met; n The integrity of the content is maintained; University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 2

Content Enhancement A way of teaching an academically diverse group of students in which: n Critical features of the content are selected and transformed in a manner that promotes student learning; and n Instruction is carried out in a partnership with students. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 3

Guidebooks in the Content Enhancement Series o Routines for planning and leading learning n Course Organizer Routine n Unit Organizer Routine n Lesson Organizer Routine University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 4

Guidebooks in the Content Enhancement Series o Routines for exploring text, topics, and details n n Clarifying Routine Survey Routine Framing Routine Order Routine University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 5

Guidebooks in the Content Enhancement Series o Routines for teaching concepts n Concept Anchoring Routine n Concept Comparison Routine n Concept Mastery Routine University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 6

Guidebooks in the Content Enhancement Series o Routines for increasing performance n n Quality Assignment Routine Question Exploration Routine Recall Enhancement Routine Vocabulary LINCing Routine University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 7

The Challenge o Increased student diversity results in varying skill levels and types of background knowledge. o Today’s classrooms are very diverse! University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 8

The Challenge o Most students have difficulty distinguishing between major concepts, main ideas, and details. o Most students have difficulty distinguishing between essential-toknow information and trivia. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 9

Research o Read page 3…. What does the research tell us? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 10

Supporting Research o The Framing Routine was studied in intermediate and secondary classes (grades 4 -12) characterized by diversity. o In each study, teachers learned the routine easily, and student learning gains were observed by teachers and researchers. o Students gained an average of 10 to 15 percentage points on tests or tasks that required demonstration of mastery. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 11

Supporting Research o Students’ writing fluency increased dramatically. Students wrote an average of 96 more words on posttest writing tasks; ideation was significantly more coherent; mechanical errors reduced significantly. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 12

Supporting Research o Results were achieved when teachers: n received 2 -3 hours of instruction; n discussed the routine with colleagues; n spent the necessary time to plan and use the routine for more inclusive teaching; n taught students how to use the routine, & n used the routine regularly over time. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 13

What is the Framing Routine? o A way to help students understand learn key information. o A way to help students focus on the relationships between main ideas and details. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 14

When Do You Use the Routine? o Within the context of regular instruction to help students remember the meaning of or relationships among: n Vocabulary words n People n Events n Places n Other important terms and ideas University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 15

Components of The Framing Routine The Frame The Linking Steps The Cue-Do-Review Sequence University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 16

FRAME o Read pages 6 -7…. o What are the key points? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 17

The Frame Is a visual device that: o Is used to promote understanding and recall of a key topic and associated essential details. o Can be used to take notes about a key topic. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 18

The Frame Is a visual device that: o Focuses attention on the importance behind the key topic. o Identifies the main ideas related to the key topic, essential details behind each main idea, and a summary of what’s important to remember about the key topic. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 19

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… Main idea Essential details So What? (What’s important to understand about this? )

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era is about… a period of social change in the U. S. Main idea Social Changes Social Problems Tools for Social Change Essential details Unsafe food Muckrakers wrote about problems Meat Inspection Act Monopolies Bully pulpits forced new laws Anti- trust Act Unsafe and unfair working conditions Activists organized protests Commerce and Labor Departments Limited voting rights Demonstrators created public pressure Voting rights expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era is about… a period of social change in the U. S. Main idea Social Problems Main idea Tools for Social Change THE KEY TOPIC Essential details The name of the key topic being studied. Muckrakers wrote Unsafe food about problems Main idea Social Changes Essential details Meat Inspection Act Monopolies Bully pulpits forced new laws Anti- trust Act Unsafe and unfair working conditions Activists organized protests Commerce and Labor Departments Limited voting rights Demonstrators created public pressure Voting rights expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era is about… a period of social change in the U. S. Main idea Social Problems Tools for Social Change Essential details Unsafe food Monopolies Main idea Social Changes Essential details “IS ABOUT” Muckrakers wrote STATEMENT Meat Inspection Act about problems A brief explanation of what Bully pulpits forced the key topic is about. Anti- trust Act new laws Unsafe and unfair working conditions Activists organized protests Commerce and Labor Departments Limited voting rights Demonstrators created public pressure Voting rights expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era is about… a period of social change in the U. S. Main idea Social Problems Tools for Social Change Essential details Unsafe food Muckrakers wrote about problems Meat Inspection Act Bully pulpits forced laws behind thenew key topic. Can Anti- trust Act Monopolies MAIN IDEAS Social Changes The main ideas be subtopics or brief phrases representing Unsafe and unfairof the key Activists organized Commerce and Labor components topic or items that are working conditions protests Departments sequentially related to each other and the key topic. The actual number of main ideas may Voting rights Demonstrators Limited voting rights vary. public pressure created expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

Example Key Topics and Main Ideas Pearl Harbor n Key events of the raid n Impact on the outcome of the war n Impact on U. S. attitude about war n Impact on U. S. ability to fight El Niño n Impact on ocean currents n Impact on weather patterns n Impact on people University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 25

Example Key Topics and Main Ideas Invention of percentages n How business operated without percentages n How percentages improved business n How society accepted percentages Music of poetry n Alliteration n Onomatopoeia University of Kansas Center for n Consonance and assonance Research on Learning 2002 26

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era ESSENTIAL DETAILS is about… a period of social change in the U. S. Main idea Social Problems Details that are essential for students to know each main idea. Main idea and remember about. Main idea Tools for Social Changes Essential details Unsafe food Muckrakers wrote about problems Meat Inspection Act Monopolies Bully pulpits forced new laws Anti- trust Act Unsafe and unfair working conditions Activists organized protests Commerce and Labor Departments Limited voting rights Demonstrators created public pressure Voting rights expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

Determine Details for Each Main Idea Main idea Columbus discovers the New World Essential details Queen of Spain financed trip in order to spread Christian gospel Columbus was Italian, but couldn’t get Italy to finance trip Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria (Santa Maria sank) Essential detail Clarifying detail Cultural expected trivia Specialized or esoteric trivia Martin Pizon, captain and owner of Pinta, tried to beat Columbus back to Spain & claim credit o o Essential details: List on Frame and test Clarifying details: Don’t list/don’t test Cultural trivia: List on Frame and test Esoteric trivia: Don’t list/don’t test

Factors to Consider When Selecting Essential Details Importance n Which details are so important that all students must understand them if they are to understand the main idea. Frequency n Which details are referred to frequently in class? Interest n Which details are important enough to know, but may not seem very interesting to students and therefore require special attention? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 29

Factors to Consider When Selecting Essential Details Preparation n Which details are foundations for information that will be covered later in the course and encountered later in life? Complexity n Which details are difficult to understand because of their complexity? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 30

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Progressive Era is about… a period of social change in the U. S. SO WHAT? Main idea OR Change Tools for Social Problems Social Changes WHAT’S IMPORTANT TO Essential details UNDERSTAND ABOUT THIS? Muckrakers wrote Main idea Unsafe food about problems Meat Inspection Act A statement designed to help students understand: Bully pulpits forced Anti- trust Act • Monopolies how the current topic isnew related laws to the overall unit. • how the topic can be used to solve or understand a Unsafe and unfair problem. Activists organized Commerce and Labor real-world working conditions protests Departments Limited voting rights Demonstrators created public pressure Voting rights expanded So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) To really create social change, many people have to be organized, outspoken, and persistent!

Determine the “So What? ” Importance Statement May be: o Basic summary o Topical applications or implications o Generative, or basic “life truth” University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 32

The Purpose of the Linking Steps Guide the teacher to: o Present the information in the Frame to students in an effective manner. o Involve students in constructing the Frame. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 33

Linking Steps o Read pages 8 -9…. o What are the key points? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 34

The Linking Steps o Focus on the topic o Reveal main ideas o Analyze details o Make a “So What? ” Statement o Extend understanding University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 35

Options for Extending Understanding o Prioritize main ideas and essential details according to importance. o Prioritize main ideas according to other criteria (e. g. , Which had the greatest impact on their lives? Which were the most controversial? Which were the most misunderstood? ). University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 36

Options for Extending Understanding o Speculate what might have happened under a different set of circumstances. o Forecast what happened next. o Connect how main ideas relate to: n n each other information previously learned past experiences the real world University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 37

Cue-Do-Review o Read pages 10 -14…. o What are the key points? University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 38

The Cue-Do-Review Sequence o Cue n Students that the routine will be used. o Do n The routine. o Review n The information and process. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 39

The Cue-Do-Review Sequence o Cue n A visual device called the Frame is presented and explained to students as a way to help them understand how critical information is organized. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 40

The Cue-Do-Review Sequence o Do n During the initial presentation, the teacher follows a set of procedures called the Linking Steps that help the teacher explain how the Frame will enhance learning. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 41

The Cue-Do-Review Sequence o Review n The teacher uses the Frame to check and bolster student understanding of the topic. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 42

Model Use of Frame

Get Ready o Decide when to use the Framing Routine. o Collect materials and ideas. o Construct a draft of the Frame. o Plan for the presentation. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 44

Your Turn o Take out a blank poster sized FRAME o Review Get Ready on pages 16 -23 o Construct a draft FRAME using Post It notes or marker with your group or partner o Be prepared to share University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 45

Tomorrow… o o o We will model using FRAME in science Show FRAME examples from science Do Pairs construction activity Construct individual FRAMES Embed FRAMES in lesson plans Discuss Get Set, Go, Win University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 46

Get Set o Choose material. o Preview the lesson. o Introduce the Frame. o Explain and show you will Cue the routine. o Explain and show you will Do the routine. o Explain and show you will Review and debrief. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 47

GO The Instructional Sequence o We DO It o Ya’ll DO It o You DO It University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 48

GO o Use the routine explicitly. o Build thinking skills. o Build in continuity by referring to Frames. o Evaluate your use of the routine. o Teach students to construct their own Frames. o Vary your use of the routine. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 49

GO Vary Your Use of the Routine n Brainstorm Activity n The KEW Routine (Know? Expect? Want? ) n The Anticipation Guide n Fill-in-the-Blanks n Perspective Taking n Linear & Cause-and-Effect Relationships n Framing Themes n Framing Speeches University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 50

GO Vary Your Use of the Routine n In-Class Debates n Reading Frames n Post-Instruction Construction n Frame Reviews n Guess What? n Gotcha! n Fame Frames n World’s Best/World’s Worst n Students-to-Students University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 51

Win! Students Win! o Check whether students are learning what they’re supposed to be learning. o Check whether students are personally satisfied with what and how they are learning. o Check whether students’ grades reflect how much they have learned. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 52

Win! You Win! o Select a growth target. o Choose a way to learn. o Choose a support system. o Plan for confidence building. o Debug. o Maximize the challenge. o Take ownership of the routine. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 53

Develop Your “Ensurance” Policy o Tell others about the routine & what you are doing. o Set personal use and achievement goals related to the routine. o Create personal reminders to use the routine. o Show your Frame graphics to colleagues and ask them for their ideas. o Invite others to watch you use the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 54

Develop Your “Ensurance” Policy o Enlist help and feedback from students. o Collaborate with a colleague in learning and using the routine. o Set aside time to reflect and plan every day. o Monitor your growth by regularly noting your thoughts, ideas, and reactions. University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 55

Develop Your “Ensurance” Policy o Try out the routine right away. o Build on success. o Focus on quality not quantity. o Accept the fact that everyone has to face the challenge of change. o Pause periodically and take stock of what you are learning. o Congratulate yourself on your successes! University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 56

Potential Pitfalls o "Frames don’t have to be prepared before class. ” o “Students don’t need to be involved in constructing the Frame. ” o “If I don’t get it right the first time, I won’t ever get it right. ” o “Students will automatically see the advantages of organizing information using a Frame. ” University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2002 57

Key Topic The FRAME Routine What motivated Columbus? is about… Why did Columbus cross the Atlantic Ocean? Main idea Financial Reasons Religious Reasons Essential details Get rich by selling spices at home Main idea Egotistical Reasons Essential details !! Essential details Prove God would protect? ? Be the first to prove the !! him & not let him die world was round Get rewarded for Make his sailors “get reli-? ? ? successfully making trip gion” when scared ? ? Get rich by claiming discovered land as his Spread Christianity to other parts world ? Win favor with royalty !! Gain respect ! Become part of the royal? ? court So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) We predict that most of Columbus’ reasons were egotistical and perhaps financial.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic French Revolution is about… a war that resulted from a bad social situation Main idea K now already … E xpect to learn … Want to know … Essential details Two classes (super rich & very poor) Famous battles Effects on other countries Many poor imprisoned in Bastille for no reason Leaders of both sides Effects on king and family Violent; used guillotine a lot Timeline of events Effects on French people “Let them eat cake” Outcome Connection to us So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Our major interests focus on the effects of this war.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Cuban Missile Crisis is about… A political crisis that nearly led to nuclear with USSR Main idea Castro comes to power in Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion Essential details Unfair govt overthrown in Cuba by Castro and followers TE Castro got no support from U. S. F Castro nationalized US-owned businesses TE Castro smokes Cuban cigars Tt Castro got missiles from USSR TE Nuclear face off with USSR Essential details CIA planned an invasion of Cuba TE Both US & USSR wanted Cuba as a state F JFK sent US Air Force to support invasion F US spy plane that spotted missile sites on Cuba flies higher than any other plane Tt JFK entertained dinner guests on night of Invasion Tt 20, 00 - Cuban troops beat 1, 400 invaders TE JFK blockaded Cuba to keep out more USSR ships and weapons TE Castro told USSR not to send weapons F USSR agreed to remove missiles TE So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Because Cuba is so close to US, JKF should have tried to make it a US state.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Sinking of the Titanic is about… an event that taught lessons about. . . Main idea Lack of planning Main idea Class system Main idea Competition Essential details 1 - steel hull– too thin & Rich _______ -upper deck (luxury) Largest ship = more Not enough Middle ______ -middle decks Fastest speed to break record crossing; unable to Inattentive about Lower class -________ More luxury = less Lack of procedures for Essential details Broadest decks = fewer ______ So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) A great ___________ can cause society to examine its values and practices so improvements can be made.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Pressuring govts. is about… how people can put pressure on governments to make them change Main idea Hungary opens border to Austria Public pressure on East German govt. Essential details Main idea East German govt. opens borders Essential details Hungary a “closed” country E. Germans demonstrate after seeing freedom in Hungary E. German govt. no longer in control Hungary wants trade with West W. German govt. supports freedom movement E. German govt. could save face or lose face Hungary ignores Warsaw Pact; opens borders Fleeing E. Germans seen as political refugees E. German govt. decides to allow free movement 1000 s of E. Germans leave thru Hungary E. German govt. looks bad in eyes of world So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) If there is enough cooperation among people, and they focus their energies, they can influence what governments do.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Evolution of Europe is about… how European civilization evolved through the ages Main idea The Middle Ages The Renaissance The Reformation The Age of Discovery Essential details Life was either very good or bad; two classes Trade increased; new middle class Merchant (middle) class allowed trade specialization Increase in leisure time = more time for exploration Common person uneducated Increase in education & the arts Increase in education = more people read Bible themselves New map making technology & navigating skills Art focused on religion - very dull colors Arts focused on humans; very realistic Artists used woodcuts to spread Protestant ideas Maps became more real and less fantasy Feudalism type of government “City- states” govt. allowed Renaissance to start Pope’s weakened power = end of Holy Roman Empire Monarchs were able to support explorers So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Stages in history never just occur for no reason– key things happen that cause big changes in society.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Civil Disobedience is about… people disobeying laws in order to change unfair laws WHEN … THEN … BECAUSE … people disobey a law in a public & nonviolent way changes in laws are considered and often made Essential details Disrupting traffic with a protest march Voting eligibility laws Want exciting images to attract audience Burning a draft card Open housing laws Focus on violent reactions of police Sit-ins at a university administration office Integration laws Create public revulsion to violence Blacks sitting at the front of a bus Nondiscriminatory employment laws Create an interest in the issue media build public awareness and support So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Sometimes breaking a law is necessary in order to draw attention to unfair laws to get them changed.

Key Topic The FRAME Routine Endangered loggerheads is about… how beach development is endangering sea turtles START WITH … Turtles bury eggs in sand + ADD THIS … Beach development & tourists = RESULTS … Baby turtles die Essential details Sea turtles crawl onto beach & bury eggs Houses and hotels on beaches Baby turtles attracted to bright lights Sun incubates eggs; babies dig out of sand Tourists on the beaches Crawl toward bright lights, away from sea Attracted to movement & glimmer of light on water Street lights, car lights, flashing signs, carnivals Babies get lost, disoriented Crawl toward light to get to the sea & swim away Beach buggies on the beaches Eaten by predators and dehydrated So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) IF we don’t turn off our lights at night, THEN the loggerhead may become extinct.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… Our position: Main idea What we’ll say … They’ll probably say … How we’ll respond … Essential details So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) If … Then…

The FRAME Routine Key Topic Strategic Learners is about… students who use good study plans Main idea They think AFTER They think BEFORE They think DURING Essential details By organizing books and materials By asking and answering questions By thinking how new information can be used By setting goals and making plans By linking new info. to background knowledge By evaluating results By scheduling time wisely By looking for patterns By anticipating future needs So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Strategic learners actively and purposefully use smart strategies before, during, and after learning

The FRAME Routine Key Topic exploitation is about… taking advantage of someone or something Main idea Facts Real- world examples Personal experiences Essential details Strong take advantage of weak Colleges make $ from games; players not paid Parents make me do chores for no money Results in anger Some politicians exploit voters Big kids in lunch room bully me Porn & prostitution exploit women My big brother made me clean his room Some factories exploit workers So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Our world would be better if there were no exploitation in it.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic peaceful resistance is about… using non- violent ways to protest and change unfair laws or policies Main idea ALWAYS Main idea SOMETIMES Main idea NEVER Essential details Is done to draw attention to the problem Reactions to it are violent Should be used just to get your way Addresses an unfair law, practice, or policy Takes several times to work Involves violence or harsh language Involves peaceful tactics Actions receive negative consequences Works if you do it just yourself To be effective, many must participate Make more enemies than friends So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Peaceful resistance can work to change unfair laws, but you need support from others, and you need to plan on it working slowly.

Key Topic The FRAME Routine Polygons is about… labeling shapes according to the number of sides Main idea 3 sides 3 angles 4 sides 4 angles 5 sides 5 angles TRI means 3 QUAD means 4 Triangle Main idea Octagon 8 sides 8 angles OCT means 8 Quadrilateral Main idea Decagon Pentagon PENT means 5 Main idea Hexagon 6 sides 6 angles HEX means 6 Main idea 10 sides 10 angles DEC means 10 So What? (What’s important to understand about this? ) Polygons are closed, flat figures with straight lines for sides.

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… Main idea Essential details So What? (What’s important to understand about this? )

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… Main idea Essential details So What? (What’s important to understand about this? )

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… Main idea Main idea So What? (What’s important to understand about this? )