Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals Note Frame
- Slides: 88
Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals Note Frame 07
Key Terms • Stamen • Sperm • Gonads • Pollen • Physical adaptation • Pistil • Embryo • Ovary • Testes • Behavioural adaptation
Sexual Reproduction • Gonads – reproductive organs –Produce gametes –Male gonad = testes –Female gonad = ovaries
Spermatogenesis • Male gonad = testes –Produces specialized reproductive cells • sperm • Spermatogenesis – process that makes sperm
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis • Female gonad = ovary –Produces specialized reproductive cells • ovum (egg) • Oogenesis – process that makes ovum –Only one egg cell receives enough cytoplasm to survive
Oogenesis Only one egg cell receives enough cytoplasm to survive
• Oogenesis produces 1 egg cell (ovum) and 3 polar bodies –polar bodies in humans cannot be fertilized
Fertilization • Meiosis is necessary for gametes to be produced • After fertilization: –Mitosis is used for growth of the zygote (single cell) –Zygote needs food, moisture, warmth and protection
• Zygote will grow and develop –Next stage of development is embryo • Embryo also develops and matures through mitosis
Types of Fertilization 1. Internal Fertilization • When the egg and sperm combine inside the body –Example: humans, dogs, etc. • Most organisms on land reproduce through internal fertilization
• Requires male to have specialized structure to transfer sperm directly into female Advantages • Very successful • Fewer gametes required Disadvantages • Requires more energy (especially from female)
2. External Fertilization • When the egg and sperm combine outside body –Example: frogs, fish, corals, etc. • Most sea life reproduce through external fertilization • Release eggs and sperm into the water
• Types of animals with external fertilization –Free-swimming animals (ex: fish) • Lay eggs in a cluster, male will release sperm onto the egg cluster –Stationary organisms (ex: coral) • Rely on water currents to bring gametes together
Advantages • Does not require as much energy Disadvantages • It is not safe –Predators • More gametes needed (not all likely to meet) External fertilization: Salmon spawning https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SOll UTBYZt. E
Plant Anatomy • Plants produce by sexual reproduction using male and female gametes –Pollen – male gamete • Found on stamen –Ovum – female gamete • Found on pistil
• Plants have reproductive structures –Stamen – male reproductive structure –Pistil – female reproductive structure
Anther Stamen (Male) Filament Petal Stigma Pistil Style (Female) Ovary Sepal Ovule (egg)
Pollination = Fertilization • Pollen (male gamete) is transferred to pistil (female reproductive structure) • Fertilizes many eggs (ovules) –Produces zygotes –Zygotes develop into seeds –Ovary develops into fruit
Adaptations are anything that helps survival and the reproductive success of plants and animals • Sexual reproduction produces variation in offspring – ex: differences • Make sure that best genetics are passed on to next generation –Ex: “Only the strong survive”
Animal Adaptations • Can be physical adaptations –Changes over time to animal bodies (colour, size, limbs, etc. ) to help survive environments and reproduce • Can be behavioural adaptations –Changes over time to the way an animal acts to help survive environments and reproduce
Physical or Behavioural Adaptation? Penguins live in large groups Behavioural
Stick bug looks like a leaf Physical
Bears hibernate in the winter Behavioural
Kangaroos have muscular legs to travel by jumping Physical
Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in other bird’s nests (Red warbler feeding Cuckoo baby!) Behavioural
Bactrian camel stores fat and water Physical
Ground squirrels bury and store their food for winter Behavioural
Musk ox has thick shaggy hair to protect from -40 -50 degrees C Physical
Mothers care for young offspring Behavioural
Puffer fish can expand to twice its size so it can’t be eaten Physical
Birds do a mating dance to attract a female Behavioural
Male and female peacocks are very different looking (sexual dimorphism) Physical
Snakes moult their skin Physical
Geese migrate south in the fall Behavioural
Sloths have long claws that allow them to climb and hang on trees Physical
A single elephant seal mates with multiple females (polygynous) Behavioural
Angler fish have a phosphorescent light organ to attract prey Physical
Bald eagles mate for life (pair bonding) Behavioural
Turtles are adapted to swimming in the ocean Physical
Further reading: http: //www. bbc. co. uk/nature/adapt ations http: //www. animalplanet. com/wildanimals/resource-conservation/
Plant Adaptations • Plants only have physical adaptations for their environments –Plants do not have behaviours Adaptations to desert environments • Cactus has spines instead of leaves (uses less water) • Cactus stores water in its stem • Cactus with hair to provide shade
• Waxy coating on leaves to prevent water loss
Adaptations to prairie environments • Plants grow soft stems to bend in the wind • Thick bark on trees to resist fires • Fruit will be wind pollinated • Extensive root systems to absorb all moisture • Narrow leaves on plants to loose less water
Adaptations to tundra environments • Plants are usually very short – being close to the ground keeps them from freezing • Plants are darker in colour – help absorb solar heat • Plants grow in clumps to help protect from wind and cold
Fruit Adaptations • Fruit are the ovaries of plants • Plants have adaptions to help with seed dispersal –Spreading seeds to new locations • Animal dispersal • Wind dispersal • Water dispersal
Animal dispersal • Seeds can cling to animals –Burrs have barbs to stick to fur • Seeds grow in sweet, fleshy fruit –Animals eat fruit and defecate seeds in new location –Animals bury fruit
Wind dispersal • Seeds are hair-like or feather-like structures –Adapted to float in the wind to new locations
Water dispersal • Plants that grow near water have fruit/seeds that float
Asexual Reproduction One parent Sexual Reproduction Two parents Mitosis - daughter cells Meiosis - gametes Two offspring One offspring Genetically identical to parent. Combination of both parents genes. No variation unless due to mutations. High variation due to gamete production and fertilization.
Asexual Reproduction Advantages Disadvantages No need to find a partner Less chance for evolution Less energy is required to reproduce. Genetically identical organisms are more Offspring are well adapted vulnerable to disappearing to the environment because of a catastrophe or because of the success of disease. the parent. Fast – can take over an area quickly by reproducing. Can lead to overcrowding and competition for survival.
Sexual Reproduction Advantages Disadvantages Slow – finding a partner and Two parents to watch over producing gametes takes offspring time. Increases genetic variation Lots of energy used to make in a species - more gametes and attract a mate. evolution Variations guarantee that a higher proportion will survive in cases of catastrophe or disease. The genetic results of meiosis and often fertilization, are unpredictable
Sexual Reproduction (continued) Advantages Disadvantages Only the “strongest ” will be able to reproduce allowing the best qualities to be passed on to new generations. Genetic "errors" happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex than mitosis.
Human Anatomy and Reproduction Note Frame 08
Male Anatomy
Key Terms • Scrotum • Prostate gland • Seminiferous tubules • Penis • Testes • Epididymis • Semen • Urethra • Seminal vesicle • Cowper’s gland • Vas deferens
Male Reproductive System Purpose: • To produce sperm • Pass sperm on to female –Through sexual intercourse
Male Anatomy Seminal Vesicle Prostate Cowper’s Gland Epididymus Testes Bladder Vas Deferens Penis Urethra Scrotum
Anatomy and Function Scrotum • Holds the testes externally (outside) • Provides a cooler environment –For making healthy sperm Testes • Contains seminiferous tubules –Tiny tubes that produce 300 -500 million sperm per day
Epididymis • Storage place where sperm are kept until they leave the body Vas deferens • Carries sperm from epididymis to the urethra
Urethra • Carries both sperm and urine through the penis –Bladder has a small valve that stops urine during ejaculation Penis • External organ that is specialized to deliver sperm during sexual intercourse
Prostate gland Seminal vesicle Cowper’s gland • 3 glands together make the fluid called semen –Semen contains nutrients that give sperm the energy to swim from the male and reach the egg in the oviduct
Sperm • Made in the seminiferous tubules in the testes • Stored in the epididymis • Travels through the vas deferens to the urethra • Ejaculated into the female to find the egg
Sperm head: • Contains chromosomes • Contains chemicals for entering the egg Sperm tail: • Provides mobility • Propelling the sperm forward
Spermatogenesis
Female Anatomy
Key Terms • Cervix • Oviduct (fallopian tube) • Ovulation • Endometrium • Uterus • Oocyte • Ovary • Vagina • Follicle cells • Urethra
Female Reproductive System Purpose: • To produce eggs • Nourish and hold zygote until fully developed • Give birth
Female Anatomy Oviduct Ovary Uterus Bladder Urethra Vagina Cervix
Anatomy and Function Vagina • Receives sperm from the male • Acts as birth canal Cervix • Connects vagina to uterus • Directs sperm into uterus during sexual intercourse
Urethra • Carries urine from bladder out Ovary • Location of follicle cells –Follicle cells develop into mature egg cells ready to be fertilized by sperm • Releasing an egg from an ovary is called ovulation
Uterus • Hollow muscular organ • Where the fertilized egg will implant and grow • Lined by the endometrium –Endometrium is blood-rich layer that will nourish and protect fertilized egg
Oviduct • Also known as fallopian tube • Connects ovary to uterus • Where fertilization happens (sperm meets egg) –If no fertilization -- takes the unfertilized egg and transports it to uterus
Egg Cells (Oocytes) • Ovaries contain follicle cells –Follicle cell – is a cell that contains an egg cell (oocyte) • Oocyte develops in the ovary until ovulation –At ovulation the follicle cell bursts and releases the mature egg
Ovarian Cycle
Fertilization • Fertilization takes place in the oviduct • Millions of sperm begin the journal, only a few thousand reach the egg in the oviduct • Only one sperm can fertilize the egg –The first sperm to get through the cell wall of the egg sets off a chemical reaction that stops other sperm from entering the egg
• Fertilized egg lodges into the endometrium in the uterus wall – Where it gets nourishment and protection
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