BIOLOGY REVISION Cell Structure Animal Plant Cells Eukaryotes

BIOLOGY REVISION – Cell Structure Animal & Plant Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Put a tick (✓) or a cross (x) to show whether these parts are present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. DNA enclosed in a nucleus Cell membrane Cell wall Plasmid DNA in cytoplasm Ribosomes Membrane-bound organelles Structure Purpose Plant/Animal/Both Controls the cells activities Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoplasm Both Protein synthesis takes place Plant Contain chlorophyll, absorb light energy to make food Label the diagrams of a plant and animal cell. Vacuole KEY WORDS: Nucleus Cellulose Chloroplast Mitochondria Ribosome ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION - Transport Specialised Cells Draw a picture to explain diffusion works: Cells are specialised to carry out a specific function. The structure gives a clue to its function. Name as many as you can, include their adaptations Specialised Animal Cells Draw a picture to explain how osmosis works: Specialised Plant Cells What affects the rate of diffusion? Describe the effects of osmosis in animal cells: Give examples of diffusion in living organisms: Describe the effects of osmosis in plant cells: Describe active transport: How is this cell adapted for the movement of substances? KEY WORDS: How is it different to diffusion? Specialised Osmosis Diffusion Active Transport Energy ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Cell Division Stem Cells Cell division & Growth What results in two identical cells being produced from an original cell? What type of disorders can stem cells be used in treating? Where can embryonic stem cells come from? Why are some people concerned about the use of embryos? Stem Cell Debate Reasons for Stem Cell Research Reasons against Stem Cell Research What are unspecialised cells called? In body cells, what are found in pairs? How many pairs? What is cell differentiation? When can it happen in humans/plants? KEY WORDS: Stem Cells Ethics Mitosis DNA Chromosomes ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION - Organisation Label the stomach with the names of the different tissues; epithelial, glandular and muscular. Put the following in size order: Cell, Organism, Organ System, Organelle, Organ, Tissue. Define the following terms: Organelle Tissue Organ System Complete the table about the tissues in the stomach Tissue Function Muscular KEY WORDS: Glandular Epithelial Structure Function Organelle Organism Tissue ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Organisation and the Digestive System Proteins, Catalysts & Enzymes Factors Affecting Enzyme Action Label the organs of the digestive system What are protein molecules made of? Give 3 examples of what proteins can be? What are enzymes and what do they do? The ______ in a reaction can be held in the active site and either be connected to another molecule or be broken down. Enzymes in Digestion Enzyme Amylase Protease Reaction If the temperature gets too hot the enzyme stops working, the enzyme becomes ________. Each enzyme works best at a particular _____ value. Speeding up Digestion What acid is produced from glands in the stomach? Which 2 enzymes work in the small intestine? The liver produces _______ that is stored in the ______. What does bile do? Lipase KEY WORDS: Denatured Bile Enzymes Isomerase Carbohydrase Amylase ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Organising Animals and Plants Label the structures of the heart State the parts that make up blood: Label the alveoli What substances are transported by the blood: What is a pacemaker? Describe how the structure of each blood vessel helps it carry out its function: Artery: Transport in plants What are the jobs of xylem and phloem? Describe what an artificial heart is and why it is used instead of a real heart: Vein: What is transpiration? Capillary KEY WORDS: Heart Transport Alveoli Xylem Phloem Transpiration ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Communicable Diseases Health How can the following affect our health? Diet: Complete the table with the differences between bacterial diseases and viral diseases Bacterial Viral Stress: Complete the table key points about the diseases Disease Bacterial, Viral, Fungi or Protist? Key points Measles Life Situations: HIV/AIDS Tobacco Mosaic Virus Spreading Pathogens Salmonella Air Gonorrhoea Who was Ignaz Semmelweis? Rose Black Spot How pathogens are spread Malaria What did he introduce? Direct Water KEY WORDS: Viral Bacterial Risk Factors Pathogens Spreading ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Preventing and Treating Disease Antibiotics What do antibiotics treat? What did antibiotics do the number of disease related deaths world wide? Drug Development Timeline How did Alexander Fleming discover Penicillin? Why are drugs tested ? To the timeline, add the stages of drug development: Write how each role of the white blood cells protects you against disease Drug Discovery Pre-Clinical Trial Phase 1 Clinical Trials Very low dose / side effects Safety Phase 2 Clinical Trials Vaccinations Small number of patients – see effect How do vaccines work? Phase 3 Clinical Trials Larger number of patients – see effective dose What is in vaccines? Licencing What is herd immunity? KEY WORDS: Drug Antibiotic Vaccine White Blood Cell Herd immunity ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Non – Communicable Disease Risk Factors List as many risk factors of disease as you can: For example, Effects of Lifestyle Complete the table with the possible effects of these risks Risk Smoking Effects Smoking Alcohol Ionizing Radiation Cancer What are the causes of cancer? Define the following : Diet Exercise Malignant tumour: Obesity Benign tumour: How is cancer treated? What is the definition of ‘carcinogen’? KEY WORDS: Risk Factors Smoking Alcohol Carcinogens Cancer Tumour ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Photosynthesis Limiting Factors Photosynthesis Name the limiting factors and explain why the factor is limiting. What is the equation for photosynthesis? Structure of a Leaf Label the diagram with the following; Epidermis, Palisade layer, Chloroplasts, Spongy layer, Air space, Stomata and Guard cell What is used to test for starch? What is the by-product of photosynthesis? These 3 graphs show the limiting factors for photosynthesis. Explain what each graph shows. How Plants use Glucose Converted into _________________ for storage. Used for respiration. Converted into _______ and oils for storage. Used to produce ______ which strengthens cell walls. KEY WORDS: Glucose Limiting Factor Starch Structure Function ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Respiration Aerobic Respiration Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water (energy) Where do most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place? Does aerobic respiration just take place in animals? The energy released may be used by the organism to: Build larger _________ from smaller ones. Enable ________contraction in animals. Maintain a constant body temperature in colder surroundings in mammals and birds. Anaerobic Respiration When your muscles cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration, they start to respire anaerobically. What acid is produced? Is more or less energy released from glucose in anaerobic respiration? When muscles respire anaerobically they build up an ________debt. Effect of exercise on the body. Why do muscles need more energy when you exercise? What needs to be transported to the muscles? To do this what changes take place? What do muscles store glucose as? If you need more energy when you exercise what other two things will you also need more of? What also will you need to remove more of? KEY WORDS: Mitochondria Lactic acid Exercise Oxygen debt ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION– Maths Skills Surface Area to Volume Ratio Magnification Equation Units Complete the diagram Lines of Best Fit Draw the line of best fit for this data How do we calculate magnification? How do we calculate image size? How do we calculate actual size? If an image is 2 mm long and the actual object is 0. 005 mm long. What is the magnification? ASSESSMENT: