Q How many types of sentences are there

Q: How many types of sentences are there, depending on propositional meaning?

IN TERMS OF PROPOSITION, THERE ARE FIVE KINDS OF SENTENCES:

ANALYTIC SENTENCES SYNTHETIC SENTENCES CONTRADICTION ENTAILMENT PARAPHRASE

An analytic sentence is a sentence the propositional content of which is necessarily true because of the meanings of the words used in that sentence.

EXAMPLES OF ANALYTIC SENTENCES: Frozen water is ice. Bachelors are unmarried men. Two halves make up a whole. THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN.

EXAMPLES OF SYNTHETIC SENTENCES: Children wear hats. The table in the kitchen is round. My computer is on.

• A CONTRADICTION IS THE OPPOSITE OF AN ANALYTIC SENTENCE

MORE EXAMPLES ON CONTRADICTION: JOHN IS A BACHELOR. JOHN IS MARRIED. TOM IS A MIDDLE – AGED AMERICAN MAN. TOM IS A CHILD.

ENTAIMENT IS A PROPERTY OF PROPOSITIONS. IF THE TRUTH OF PROPOSITION B FOLLOWS NECESSARILY FROM THE TRUTH OF PROPOSITION A, WE SAY THAT PROPOSITION A ENTAILS PROPOSITION B

EXAMPLES OF ENTAILMENT: ALAN LIVES IN TORONTO. ALAN LIVES IN CANADA. MARY LOVES ROSES. MARY LOVES FLOWERS. THE PRESIDENT WAS ASSASSINATED. THE PRESIDENT IS DEAD. I WILL TURN 28 THIS YEAR. I AM CURRENTLY LIVING. JOHN OWNS A BLUE SWEATER. JOHN OWNS A SWEATER. JOHN OWNS SOMETHING. LOBO IS A DOG. LOBO IS AN ANIMAL.

HOW MANY TYPES OF ENTAILMENT ARE THERE?

THERE ARE TWO TYPES: UNILATERAL It’s a dog unilaterally entails It’s an animal

OTHER EXAMPLES OF UNILATERAL ENTAILMENT: HE IS FROM INDIA. HE IS FROM ASIA. MARY KILLED BARBARA DIED.

BILATERAL JOHN IS BILL’S FATHER BILATERALLY ENTAILS BILL IS JOHN’S SON. JOHN IS RICHER THAN JAMES IS POORER THAN JOHN. THIS PLACE IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT PLACE IS DIFFERENT FROM THIS PLACE.

A SENTENCE WHICH EXPRESSES THE SAME PROPOSITION AS ANOTHER SENTENCE IS KNOWN AS THE PARAPHRASE OF THAT SENTENCE

EXAMPLES OF PARAPHRASE: JOHN WROTE A LETTER TO MARY. JOHN WROTE MARY A LETTER. A DOG BIT TOM WAS BITTEN BY A DOG. HE HAS FIVE KIDS. HE HAS FIVE CHILDREN. THIS CAR IS TOO SMALL. THIS CAR IS NOT BIG ENOUGH. THIS NEEDLE IS TOO SHORT. THIS NEEDLE IS NOT LONG ENOUGH.

BILATERAL ENTAILMENT= PARAPHRASE

Q: WHY IS IT ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND BOTH SENSE AND REFERENCE? THE UNDERSTANDING OF BOTH SENSE AND REFERENCE IS ESSENTIAL TO A PROPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MEANING OF MEANING

Q: ARE THE TWO TERMS USED INTERCHANGEABLY? IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE, THE TWO ARE SOMETIMES USED INTERCHANGEABLY BUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO IS CONSIDERED CRUCIAL IN SEMANTICS

tells us about the relationship between language and the outside world. The phrase (Eiffel Tower) refers to a tower in Paris. The word (lion) refers to all those large, strong, flesh-eating animals found in Asia and Africa which are known as lions. The referent of a word is the person, place or thing for which that word is used.

a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about.

Q: DOES REFERENCE SIGNIFY PROPER NOUNS ONLY? NOT ONLY PROPER NOUNS, BUT ALSO COUNTABLE NOUNS

Q: WHAT IS THE REFERENT OF THE WORD (CROCODILE)? ALL THE CROCODILES IN THE WORLD

tells us about relationships inside language, i. e. , relationships between words, phrases and sentences in a language. Words like (and / or / if / therefore / because / perhaps / almost) do not refer to any person, place or thing in the outside world. They have sense but no reference.

Morning star, most commonly used as a name for the planet Venus when it appears in the east before sunrise EVENING STAR: The planet Venus when it appears in the west (evening sky), after sunset

1. BOTH EXPRESSIONS REFER TO THE SAME THING: THE PLANET VENUS. 2. THEY DENOTE A SINGLE OBJECT. 3. THEY HAVE THE SAME REFERENCE. 4. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT SENSES.

EVERY WORD THAT HAS MEANING HAS SENSE, BUT NOT EVERY WORD HAS REFERENCE

Q: WHEN LOOKING UP THE MEANING OF A WORD IN A DICTIONARY, WHAT WOULD YOU FIND THERE: ITS REFERENT, OR ITS SENSE?

THE DICTIONARY IS CONCERNED WITH SENSE RELATIONS

Q: DOES (IF) HAVE SENSE IN THE SAME WAY THAT (DOG) HAS SENSE? NO, (IF) HAS SENSE BUT NO REFERENCE, WHILE (DOG) HAS BOTH SENSE AND REFERENCE

Q: DO THE EXPRESSIONS (BIG) AND (LARGE) HAVE THE SAME SENSE IN THESE SENTENCES? I LIVE IN A BIG HOUSE. I LIVE IN A LARGE HOUSE. YES, THEY HAVE THE SAME SENSE

The denotation of a word is the object or objects that it refers to in the world outside language. The denotation of the word (elephant) is the actual elephants all over the world.

The connotation of a word is the incidental meaning that we associate with a word from time to time. Some of the connotations of the word (woman) are: tender, sensitive, sentimental, kind, patient, likely to shed tears

Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

Q: HOW CAN WE SUMMARIZE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION?

1. Denotation usually remains more or less the same, while connotation changes with the passage of time. 2. Connotation in many cases changes from one culture to another.

3. Connotation in many cases changes from one individual to another. 4. Connotation of a word is unstable, and compared to its denotation, it is peripheral to its meaning.

Q: WHAT IS THE DENOTATION OF THE WORD (ELEPHANT)?

An elephant is an enormous, four-footed animal with big ears and a long trunk.

Q: WHAT IS THE CONNOTATION OF THE WORD (ELEPHANT)? LEADERSHIP, STRENGTH, POWER, WISDOM, ETERNITY, UNNECESSARY BURDEN