Conditional Sentences CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentences is composed

Conditional Sentences

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES • Conditional sentences is composed by two parts: • The If-clause expresses the condition (Conditional Clause), and a main clause points out the result (Result Clause). CONDITION RESULT • If + subject + present simple , subject + will + infinitive. If-clause Main Clause • If it rains, I will stay at home. • If I stay here, I will see my friend. • If you study hard, you will pass the exam

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES • The order of the two clauses is flexible, it’s not important. But if the if-clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma. • The main clause usually comes first in interrogative sentences. RESULT CONDITION • Subject + will + infinitive if + subject + present simple. • • • What will Paul do if he fails his exams? If Paul fails his exams, what will he do? I will see my friend if I stay here. / If I stay here, I will see my friend. You will pass the exam if you study hard. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Types : • There are 4 types of conditional sentences. They are classified according to the degree of probability that they express. • Each type of conditional sentences uses different tenses to show the difference in the degree of probability.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES • Zero Conditional: If /when + present tense …. . / present tense • Water boils if it reaches 100º • First Conditional: If/unless + present, …. . Future / Modal • If I study, I’ll pass • Second Conditional: If + past, ……would +inf. • If I studied, I would pass • Third Conditional: If + past perfect …. . would have + pp • If I had studied, I would have passed

Type 0. ZERO CONDITIONAL • If + Simple present • We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact. • This is a way of talking about laws of nature or things that always happen. • The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. • If you heat ice, it melts. • My boss gets angry if I am late to work. • If you fail your exams, you have to take them again in September.

Type I. REAL CONDITIONAL • USE • We use the first conditional to talk about possible situations in the future. It expresses what will happen if the condition is fulfilled. • a) If + Simple present + will • Both condition and result are very likely to happen • If John gets a good result, he will (he'll) study medicine. • If he fails his exams, he will go abroad.

Type I. REAL CONDITIONAL • • • b) If + Simple present + Imperative This is a way of giving advice or instructions If you feel tired, drink a cup of coffee. If you can't wake up, buy an alarm clock. If you see my wife, tell her I'll be late for dinner. • c) If + should + imperative • In this way we can suggest that something is unlikely to happen, or is not particularly probable. • If you should run into Peter Bellamy, tell him he owes me a letter.

Type I. REAL CONDITIONAL • • d) If + Simple present + may The result of the condition is just a possibility. If we go to John's party, we may have a good time. If we don't give them directions, they may get lost. • e) If + Simple present + can • If I haven't enough time today, I can wash your car tomorrow. • We use this form when we make present decisions about future ability. Otherwise we use will be able to. • If you lose her telephone number, you won't be able to contact her later.

Exercise 1. do not come 1. If you __________ (not come), will miss You ________ (miss ) the show. will buy 2. John _________ (buy)a car if he gets _______ (get) a job. will get 3. Mary ________(get) a toothache if eats she_________ (eat) too many sweets.

Type II. HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL Tense : If-clause ~ Past Tense Main Clause ~ would to) Example : Past Tense + base form (infinitive without Would + base form If he were a bird, he would fly across the harbour. If I had $200, 000 now, I would buy a car.

Type II. HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL • The seconditional is called hypothetical because the condition is contrary to the facts or because it is very improbable. • We use this conditional to talk about unreal situations that probably will never happen. • We also use it to imagine what would it be like if things were different. MIND • • a) If + Simple past + would If I were the president, I would end unemployment. I would buy a Ferrari If I won the lottery. If she were your friend, she'd help you. Were is often used instead of was in the 1 st and 3 rd person singular

Type II. HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL • • b) If + Simple past + might The result of the condition would be just a possibility. If you drove drunk, you might have an accident. If he weren't so selfish, he might be happier. • c) If + Simple past + could (the meaning of could here is would be able to). • If I had another € 5000, I could buy a car. . • d) If + were to + would • If war were to break out, I would emigrate to Mars. • (This makes a future possibility sound less probable).

Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL Tense : If-clause ~ Past Perfect Tense Main Clause ~ Would Have + Past Participle Past Perfect Tense Would have + Past Participle If I had enough money, I would have bought the camera yesterday. If I had come home earlier, I would not have missed the programme.

Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL • We use third conditional to talk about situations that could never happen because they refer to the past. • The condition didn't happen in the past, and so the result didn't happen either. It is used for speculating about past events. If they’d gone by bus, they would have arrived much later. (They didn’t go by bus) He would have travelled around the world if he had more money. (Impossible to change, because he didn’t have the money)

Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL • We use third conditional to talk about situations that could never happen because they refer to the past. • The condition didn't happen in the past, and so the result didn't happen either. It is used for speculating about past events. • a) If + Past perfect + Perfect conditional • If he had studied, he would have passed. • b) If + Past perfect + might have • If someone had heard the S. O. S. , their lives might have been saved. • c) If + Past perfect + could have (the meaning is could have been able to). • If my parent's hadn't been poor, I could have gone to university.

Exercise Two were 1. If I ________ (be) four years old, I would learn ________ (learn) to play the piano. had not failed 2. If I ________ (not fail) in the would have bought examination, my mother________ (buy) me a new computer. would have finished 3. We ____________ (finish) if we had ________ (have) better preparation.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS UNLESS • Unless has a similar meaning to if not, in the sense of ‘except if’. • Come tomorrow unless I phone. (=…if I don’t phone / except if I phone. ) • I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low. (=if the pay isn’t too low /except if the pay is too low. ) • I’ll be back tomorrow unless there’s a plane strike. • Let’s have dinner out – unless you’re too tired. .

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS • Unless can be used instead of if not when we refer to exceptional circumstances which would change a situation. We do not use unless to refer to something negative that would the main cause of the situation that we are talking about. • My wife will be very upset if I don’t get back tomorrow. • (NOT My wife will be very upset unless I get back tomorrow). • If the speaker does not get back, this will be the main cause of his wife’s unhappiness – if not doesn’t mean ‘except if’ here. ) • She’d look nicer if she didn’t wear so much make-up. • (NOT She’d look nicer unless she wore so much make up. ) • I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident soon. • (NOT I’ll be surprised unless he has an accident soon. )

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT)/ WITH THE CONDITION THAT/ AS LONG AS You can stay with the condition that you sleep on the couch. I will go to the party as long as you go there too IMAGINE / SUPPOSE /SUPPOSING THAT Imagine that you won a million pounds, what would you do?

Conditional Sentences EVEN IF I won’t go to the party even if they beg me IN CASE Take an umbrella in case it rains

Exercises • Identifying conditionals I. Choose the correct answer. 1 - If I drink tea in the morning, it makes me feel sick. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional

Exercises 2 - I'll tell her if she comes. q Zero Conditional First Conditional q q Second Conditional q Third Conditional 3 - If I were you, I'd buy it as soon as possible. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional

Exercises 4 - If I had the time, I’d help you q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional 5 – I would have done things differently if I had been the manager. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional

Exercises 6 - If you work hard enough, you may well pass. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional 7 – Water boils if you heat it to a hundred degrees celsius. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional

Exercises 8 - I would be surprised if it rained. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional 9 – If she'd tried harder, she might have succeeded. q Zero Conditional q First Conditional q Second Conditional q Third Conditional

Exercises II. Choose the correct answer. 1 - If I. . . you, I would tell him straightaway q were q am 2 - If you. . . yellow and blue, you get green q will mix q mix 3 - If I. . , I would never have done it q knew q had known 4 - Unless you. . . . drinking, you'll have serious health problems. q stop q will stop

Exercises 5 - I. . there if I'd known about it q would never have gone q would never go 6 - If you see him, . . him to call me? q will you ask q would you have asked 7 - If I. . , I'd have done it myself q were there q had been there 8 - What would you do if the police. . you? q arrested q had arrested

Exercises Finish these sentences using the correct verbal tense. 1. If they had listened, they. . . . (understand) would have understood 2. If he hadn’t worn the helmet, he. . . Would have been (Be) injured. spoke 3. If he. . . . (Speak) clearly, people would understand him. Will be 4. If we miss this train, we. . . . (Be) late for the interview. Won’t call 5. The bank. . . (not / call) if we pay the bill. met 6. If you. . . . . (meet ) Tom, you wouldn’t like him. Would keep 7. If I found 100 in the street, I …………. . (Keep) it. knew 8. If I ……………. . . (Know) her number, I would phone her. Will be 9. If he gets late, I …………. . (be) angry. won’t buy 10. I …………. . (Not/buy) that coat if I were you. . had known 11. If I ………………. . (Know) that you were ill last week, I'd have gone to see you. will go 12. If it stops raining, we …………………. (Go) on a trip.

Exercises Choose the correct answer 1 If Teresa………more sensible, she wouldn’t get into trouble so often. a) will be b) were c) had been 2 ……… me some ice cream if you go to the supermarket. a) Got b) Get c) Have got 3 If I……. . . late, will you wait for me? a) be b) am c) will be 4 If Vanessa had……. . me the truth, I would not have been so angry. a) told b) tells c) tell 5 If you listen to her, you’ll………in trouble. a) been b) being c) be 6 If you had listen to her, you………. have been in trouble. a) shouldn’t b) wouldn’t c) couldn’t 7 Nobody would……the secret if Danny hadn’t revealed it. a) have known b) knew c) known 8 Will you be all right by yourself if I………. out tonight? a) go b) will go c) would go 9 If I knew how to run my own business, I………. . a rich man. a) am b) will be c) would be 10 If anyone………. , say I’ll be back about 7. 30. a) will phone b) phone c) phones B B B A C B A A C C

I wish / If only • We use wish and if only +past simple or could when we want a situation or thing in the present to be different or to change. The time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is the same as the time of making the wish. – He wishes that he were rich. – I wish I didn’t have to leave. – I wish I could help you.

I wish / If only § We use wish / if only + would to complain about a thing or a situation. She wishes that you would come to the meeting tomorrow. I wish you wouldn’t be so rude. I wish my mother would let me go out till late. She wishes her child would sleep all night long.

I wish / If only § We use wish / if only + past perfect or could have + p. p. to express a wish about the past They wish that they had studied harder when they were young. (they didn’t study) I wish I hadn’t failed the exam (I failed the exam)

Exercises • Pay attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets. 1. I wish he 2. I wish that you Had been 3. We wish you 5. They wished he here yesterday. (to be) tomorrow. (to come) Would come 4. You will wish you 6. We wish you here now. (to be) were Would come Had arrived earlier. (to leave) with them the next day. (to come) yesterday. (to arrive)

Exercises 7. I wish that he Would visit us next year. (to visit) 8. She wishes that she 9. You wish that he were at home now. (to be) had helped you last week. (to help) wererich. (to be) 10. He will always wish he ______ Would the win competition the next day. (to win) 11. The boy wished that he ______ Had made 12. She will wish she _______ the arrangements earlier. (to make) were 13. I wish the weather ______ warmer now. (to be) werefluent in other languages. (to be) 14. We always wished we ______ Would telephone 15. They wish he ________ them next week. (to telephone)