Plant Kingdom Chapters 24 27 Plant Characteristics Very

Plant Kingdom Chapters 24 - 27

Plant Characteristics Very diverse Autotrophic – use photosynthesis to make food Multi-cellular Eukaryotic type cells Successful on land: absorb nutrients, prevent dehydration, reproduce on land.

Adaptations of Plants Be able to live on land: – Roots: with mycorrhizae - Reproduction on land: pollen carries sperm - Vascular tissue – transport water – Prevent water loss: Cuticle – waxing layer on leaves Stomata – pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange

Stoma

Plant Life Cycle Called alternation of generations Two generations: – Gametophyte (n) – gamete producing stage – Sporophyte – spore producing (2 n),

Example of alternation of generations

Ex. Of alternation of generations 2 Meiosis Sporophyte (2 n) gametophyte

Kinds of Plants 1. 2. Have a cuticle and stoma Nonvascular plants No Seeds Lack vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients. Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Liverworts No cuticle or stomata, no cells to transport water

Hornworts Have a stoma and cuticle

Seedless Vascular Plants 2. Ferns – Produce spores – Has vascular tissue (simple) sprorophyte

Fern gametophyte

Seed Plants Advantages of Seeds – Consists of an embryo – Contains a supply of food – Protection of embryo – dispersal – Squeege

Cycads Only in tropics and subtropics Separate male and female plants Not a palm tree!!

2. Ginkgo Male and female plants Only 1 species around today

3. Gymnosperms Seeds develop in a cone “naked seeds” No fruit or flowers Successful: – Seeds – Wind pollination – Examples: conifers

4. Angiosperms Flowering plants “case seed” – seeds contained in a fruit. Flowers attract pollinators such as insects, birds, …

Types of Angiosperms Monocots – One seed leaf – Flower parts in multiples of 3 – Leaves with parallel veins

Angiosperms : Dicots – 2 seed leaves – Flower parts in multiples of 2, 4, 5 – Leaves with branching veins

Flower Parts Use your handout to label the parts of the flower.

Flowers attract See the “bull’s eye” ?

How do Bees see?

Looks like a landing pad!!

Sexual Reproduction Male gamete – pollen Female gamete – ovule Pollination – transfer of pollen to structures that contain ovules Fertilization leads to seed formation

Seed Parts (after fertilization) Seeds contain embryos Seed coat: outer layer, for protection Endosperm – food for embryo Cotyledons – seed leaves, help in transfer of nutrients

hilium

cotyledon plumule Embryo

Embryo Parts 1. Plumule – first shoot 2. Epicotyl – pushes new stem above surface 3. Hypocotyl – just below epicotyl 4. Radicle – primary root

epicotyl hypocotyl

Fruits – Ripened Ovary Purpose: Seed Dispersal Two Types: Fleshy – Dry -

Simple Fruits

Multiple Fruit

Chapter 26 Plant adaptations to land.

Tissue Types in plants 1. Dermal tissue – protective outer layer, waterproof Ex. Epidermis – skin on non-woody plants Ex. Cork – “skin” of woody stems and roots Found in leaves, roots, stems

2. Ground Tissue Found on the inside of plants Functions: – A. Leaves – photosynthesis – B. Roots/stems – storage of water, sugar, starch

3. Vascular Tissue Function – conducts water, minerals, and sugars throughout plant Two types of: – 1. Xylem – 2. phloem

a. Xylem Vascular Tissue Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

b. Phloem Vascular Tissue Transports sugars

Plant Structures Roots, Stems, Leaves

A. Roots Function: anchor, absorb water and minerals, storage Types of roots: – A. Taproots – – B. Fibrous roots -

Roots Root cap – area of growth (apical)Meristem growth tissue Root hairs – for absorption

Cross Section of Roots Vascular tissue in middle. (xylem and phloem) Cortex – storage of starch Epidermis -

Monocot Root Dicot Root

Root Cross Section

Stems Function: support and transport Two types of stems: – Herbaceous stems: flexible and green Vascular bundles: xylem and phloem Pith – ground tissue Cortex – epidermis tissue.

Monocot Dicot

Woody Stems Examples: trees, shrubs Heartwood – wood in the center (old xylem) Sapwood – outside of heartwood, functioning sapwood

Cross section of stem woody Pith – storage tissue Xylem – trans. Water Phloem – trans. Sugar Cortex – storage Bark – cork (young trees and phloem

Growth rings: Spring xylem – Summer xylem -

The Leaf Site of photosynthesis Petiole – attaches leaf to a stem Simple leaf – one blade Compound leaf – two or more leaflets

Simple Leaf –single blade

compound leaf

Compound Leaf

- Alternate Whorled - Opposite

Opposite

Leaf Anatomy Upper and lower epidermis – protection – Cuticle – waxy layer, protection – Guard cells- control opening of the stoma – Stoma – opening on the epidermis for gas exchange.

Leaf anatomy Mesophyll – photosynthesis – Spongy – bottom of leaf, gas exchange – Palisade layer – photosynthesis Vein – xylem and phloem

Pine Needle cross section

Transpiration A. Transport of water Transpiration – loss of water from plant Pulling of water in xylem (cohesion) Osmosis – water to root

Stomata Function Refer to handout. Computer Lab: Chapter 21 -2

Plant Growth Primary Growth – increases length or height of a plant. – Apical meristems – located at tips of stems and roots

Secondary Growth in girth or width Growth tissue: – Cork cambium – in bark, produces cork cells – Vascular cambiumlies under bark, produces vascular tissue