ANIMAL KINGDOM 5 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Monera

ANIMAL KINGDOM

5 Kingdom Classification System • Kingdom Monera • Bacteria & Blue green algae • Kingdom Protista • Algae & Protozoa • Kingdom Fungi • Slime molds & true fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom 1) Basis for other scientific and professional fields • All these fields are responsible for improving/guarding the health or our pets, environment, and us • Ex. Medicine, dentistry, teaching, agriculture, conservation

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (2) Animals are used for scientific research • A large part of what we know about genetics has come from using fruit flies • Our understanding of physiology and surgery have been gained by using animals • New drugs are tested on mice and various animals • W/out such experimentation there would be no protection against rabies, smallpox, typhoid, diphtheria and many other diseases

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (3) Animals serve as an important source of food and other products • Almost every phylum of animals and class of larger animals contain a few species that reach our table Ex. Snails, mussels, oysters, lobster, ants, shrimp, fish, turtle, frogs, birds, and mammals • Other (non-edible) products include sponges, coral, pears, honey, silk, feathers, furs, and leather

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (4) Some animals may cause disease or are poisonous to humans • Some flatworms and roundworms are parasites of humans and some jellyfish, scorpions, spiders, fish and snakes are poisonous to man

Important Characteristics of Animal Kingdom 1. All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and hetertrophic (obtain energy by feeding) 2. Most animals exhibit all four divisions of labor -Cells – tissues– organs– systems

Important Characteristics of Animal Kingdom 3. Most animals are motile but some are sessile (ex. sponges) 4. Most reproduce sexually with a typical life span including sperm and egg merging to form a zygote that develops into an embryo that develops into a larvae that matures into an adult

Criteria for classification of animals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Body plan Number of germ cell layers Larval Stages Absence/presence of a coelom Segmentation Skeleton Appendages Absence/Presence of Symmetry Homologous structures/organs

• All animals move in order to satisfy 1 of their basic needs (food, water, shelter, escaping danger)

Division of animals

Animals have bilateral symmetry (1 line that can divide the animal into 2 identical parts) or radial symmetry ( many lines that can divide the animal into equal parts).

Phylums (Sub Kingdom): Invertebrates • Phyla Include: • sponges • Cnidarians • Worms

THE PHYLUM PORIFERA

INTRODUCTION TO PORIFERA • unusual animals • originally thought they were plants • Are primarily marine, mostly in shallower waters • Are sessile and attached to substrate or objects- occasionally on other animals such as crabs

Phylum – Porifera (sponge) • Simplest form of animal • No tissues or organs • heterotrophic & cells that have specialized jobs • Bodies pierced all over with openings called pores

Porifera: Characteristics • No true tissues or organs (only specialized cells) • Most have radial symmetry but some may be asymmetrical • Sac body plan • Body wall is diploblastic • Porifera means pore bearing (body wall pierced by numerous pores for water to enter) • Reproduce sexually by fertilization and asexually by budding • Skeletons composed of Ca. CO 3 spicules or sponging (protein fibers) • Central body cavity is lined w/ collar cells called 19 choanocytes

Porifera Anatomy • No true tissues • Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of: -spongin fibers -calcareous spicules -silica spicules -combination of these, or no skeletal structure at all 20

Porifera Anatomy 21

Collar Cells • Choanocytes: (collar cells) act as a pump to bring water into the sponge

Sponge Support • Collagen is found between the inner canals and chambers • Mesohyl 23

Spicules • Collagen is stiffened by adding microscopic mineral accretions or additional protein fibers (spongin) or both. • Spicules: skeleton structures, made of calcium carbonate (Ca. CO 3) 24 Phylum Porifrea

Porifera Classification • Phylum Porifera • Class Calcarea • Class Demospongiae • Class Hexactinellida • Sclerospongiae is no longer considered a class Taxonomic Detail All other classes Desmospongia 25

How do Sponges eat & breathe? • Choanocytes collect food from water currents passing thorough porous body • Food is digested by choanocytes or passed on to amebocytes • Amebocytes act as a primitative and simple circulatory device to transport nutrients • Sponges get O 2 by diffusion.

Reproduction • Soft bodies have network of spikes. • Made of tough material, but food for some types of fish. • Can reproduce asexually (budding) and sexually. Fertilized eggs go through a larvae stage.

Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, & Corals) • Exhibit Radial Symmetry • 2 Forms • Polyp • Sessile form (vase shape) • Medusa • Swimming form (umbrella shape)

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) • 2 Body Layers • Epidermis (outer layer) & Gastrodermis (inner layer) • Mesoglea • Jelly-like substance in between inner and outer layer • Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC) • Empty space where digestion takes place

Anatomy of a Jellyfish

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) Cnidocytes and Nematocytes • Cnidocytes = specialized cells used for defense • Nematocytes = structures inside the cnidocyte that contain stinging filaments • The filaments have sharp tips that can inject poison into victims

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) • 1 st Nervous System • Porifera have no developed nervous system • Cnidarians have a primitive nervous system • No brain, but rather a loose collection of nerves called a nerve net • Nerves radiate throughout the whole body

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) • Where do they live? (Habitat) • Mostly salt water • Hydra found in fresh water • How big are they? (Size) • Can be up to 6. 5 feet in diameter and have ~100 foot long tentacles

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) • What do they eat? How do they eat? • Tentacles capture small animals. • Nematocysts inject poison. • Tentacles push food into mouth • How do they move? • If mobile, move by contraction and expansion of body

Digestion • Capture prey using stinging cells to inject venom - paralyzes prey • Pull prey into mouth, digest in body cavity digestive system: 1 opening - expel food from mouths also.

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont. ) • How do they reproduce? • Asexually • Budding & Regeneration • Sexually • Adult medusa releases sperm and eggs into the water where external fertilization takes place zygote • Zygote forms the blastula (hollow ball of cells) and then forms a planula (ciliated larva) • Polyp attaches to the ocean floor and develops mouth and tentacles • Stacks of medusae form and then detach to form individual jellyfish

Life Cycle of Jellyfish Adult Female Medusa Adult Male Medusa Young Medusa Sperm Egg Blastula Planula Polyp

Class: Hydrozoa • Hydra • Polyp form found in ponds and lakes • Portugese Man-of-War • Found in tropical oceans • Very poisonous to fish and even humans Hydra Image Source: http: //www. microscope-microscope. org/gallery/Mark-Simmons/images/hydra 2. jpg Image Source: http: //animals. nationalgeographic. com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/Static. Files/animals/images/primary/portuguese-man-o-war. jpg

Class: Scyphozoa • Over 200 species • Common jellyfish exist as both polyps and medusae Image Source: http: //www. dnr. sc. gov/marine/pub/seascience/jellyfi. html#life

Class: Anthozoa • Includes corals and sea anemones • All marine • Medusa stage completely absent • Corals • Are polyps that live in small colonies • Use nutrients from algae for energy • Great Barrier Reef • Largest coral colony on earth • Sea Anemones • Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles to feed on small fish

Coral Reef Coral Polyps Polyp Image Source: http: //www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria 2. html Reef Image Source: http: //www. chbr. noaa. gov/categories/raim/images/coral_01. jpg

Sea Anemone Image Source: http: //www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria 8. html

Cnetophora (Comb Jellies) • Cnetophora are technically a separate phylum from Cnidaria, but they are closely related. • For our purposes, we’ll group comb jellies with Cnidaria • Cnetophora • Found in deep ocean • Biolumienscence Image Source: http: //www. mwra. state. ma. us/harbor/graphic/comb%20 jelly. jpg