Fungi DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Fungi General Characteristics Eukaryotic
- Slides: 18
Fungi
• DOMAIN Eukarya • KINGDOM Fungi • General Characteristics: – Eukaryotic – Non-motile – Multicellular – Heterotrophic via absorption (extracellular digestion) – Asexual and Sexual reproductive life cycles; • Both results in spore formation • Mitosis – nucleus does not break down or reform
• Most are free-living saprotrophic decomposer and feed on dead organic material. consumers • Ecological importance: – Recycling of nutrients within the ecosystem producers decomposers nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic reservoir geologic processes return to abiotic reservoir
Some form symbiotic relationships: • Parasitism – Plants: • rusts and smuts affect grains • Cause of tree disease – Dutch Elm – Man: causes mycoses (medically important ) • e. g. Thrush, yeast infections, ringworm, athlete's foot
• Mutualism – Lichens - Fungi & cyanobacteria (or green algae) • Grows on rock; Soil formers • e. g. Crustose (crusty); Fruticose (shrubby); Foliose (leafy)
– Mycorrhizae - “Fungus-root” in plants • Increases surface area in plant roots – increases absorption • 2 Types: – Arbuscular (penetrate roots) – Ectomycorrhizae (surround roots)
• General economic importance: (pg. 374) – Produce medicines: e. g. antibiotics (Penicellium and cyclosporins) – Produce foods: e. g. Cheese – roqueforts and brie – Used in making of – breads, beers, and wines – Consumed as delicacies: e. g. Truffles, morels, and portabella • (NOTE: Some deadly poisonous & some produce hallucinogens like LSD) • QUESTION: What economic impact does “black” mold have? Rusts & smuts?
Structures: • Hyphae - filaments which make-up the mycelium (body) • Mycellium - mass of hyphae; body of fungus • Septa - divides hyphae into sections via crosswalls • Cell Wall - composed of chitin • Yeast - unicellular, round and not associated with hyphae; reproduce by asexual budding • Spore - reproductive cell that grows a new organism; dispersal via wind; produced as a result of asexual or sexual life cycle • QUESTION: If a single fungus can produce billions of spores, why aren’t there fungi everywhere?
Five basic groups • • • Chytridiomycota Zygomycota* Glomeromycota Ascomycota* Basidiomycota* • Grouped by: – Differences in life cycles – Structures that produce spores (particularly in sexual part of the life cycle – Comparative molecular data
Phylum Sexual Reproductive Structure Zygomycota Ascomycota Zygospore Asci Lack asci Basidiomycota Basidia Structures that produce spores – spores are windblown Septa Example absent present black bread molds sac fungi present club fungi imperfect fungi
• Phylum Chytridiomycota – chytridiomycetes or chytrids – Most closely related to ancestral fungi – Aquatic, flagellated fungi – Life cycle: both haploid and diploid multicellular stages – Motile zoospores – Found in soil, fresh water and saline estuaries
• Phylum Zygomycota - black bread molds (e. g. Rhizopus) – Aseptate hyphae – Sexual reproduction produces zygospores – Most saprotrophs (living off dead organic materials; recyclers) – Some parasitic • zygomycosis – infection by zygomycetes – often fatal – requires extensive surgery and antifungal treatment.
• Phylum Glomeromycota – glomeromycetes – Small group of fungi – Tips of hyphae grow into plant roots • Arbuscular mycorrhizae – Asexual reproduction
• Phylum Ascomycota - sac fungi (e. g. cup fungi & yeast) – Account for 75% of all fungi – Two main groups: • Sexual Ascomycota – Examples: baking & brewing yeast, morels & truffles, parasitic to plants – Plant diseases: Leaf curl fungi & mildews, Dutch elm disease, Ergot (infects grain)
Asexual Ascomycota - sexual life cycle has not been demonstrated (Deuteromycetes – imperfect fungi) – Fungi Imperfecti - Contains the medically important fungi – Examples of Mycoses: Range from skin , deeper tissue, systemic infections – Tineas (cutaneous dermatophytes) – e. g. ringworm, athlete’s foot, & jock itch – Aspergillosis – e. g. swimmer’s ears & lung infection – Candidiasis – e. g. thrush & vaginitis; Causative agent Candida albicans
• Phylum Basidiomycota - club fungi (e. g. mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi) – Basidiocarps AKA fruiting bodies (cap) – Some are: • Responsible for rusts and smuts (parasitize cereal crops) • Delicacies (e. g. portabella and shiitake) • Poisonous
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