Fungi DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Fungi General Characteristics Eukaryotic

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Fungi

Fungi

 • DOMAIN Eukarya • KINGDOM Fungi • General Characteristics: – Eukaryotic – Non-motile

• DOMAIN Eukarya • KINGDOM Fungi • General Characteristics: – Eukaryotic – Non-motile – Multicellular – Heterotrophic via absorption (extracellular digestion) – Asexual and Sexual reproductive life cycles; • Both results in spore formation • Mitosis – nucleus does not break down or reform

 • Most are free-living saprotrophic decomposer and feed on dead organic material. consumers

• Most are free-living saprotrophic decomposer and feed on dead organic material. consumers • Ecological importance: – Recycling of nutrients within the ecosystem producers decomposers nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic reservoir geologic processes return to abiotic reservoir

Some form symbiotic relationships: • Parasitism – Plants: • rusts and smuts affect grains

Some form symbiotic relationships: • Parasitism – Plants: • rusts and smuts affect grains • Cause of tree disease – Dutch Elm – Man: causes mycoses (medically important ) • e. g. Thrush, yeast infections, ringworm, athlete's foot

 • Mutualism – Lichens - Fungi & cyanobacteria (or green algae) • Grows

• Mutualism – Lichens - Fungi & cyanobacteria (or green algae) • Grows on rock; Soil formers • e. g. Crustose (crusty); Fruticose (shrubby); Foliose (leafy)

– Mycorrhizae - “Fungus-root” in plants • Increases surface area in plant roots –

– Mycorrhizae - “Fungus-root” in plants • Increases surface area in plant roots – increases absorption • 2 Types: – Arbuscular (penetrate roots) – Ectomycorrhizae (surround roots)

 • General economic importance: (pg. 374) – Produce medicines: e. g. antibiotics (Penicellium

• General economic importance: (pg. 374) – Produce medicines: e. g. antibiotics (Penicellium and cyclosporins) – Produce foods: e. g. Cheese – roqueforts and brie – Used in making of – breads, beers, and wines – Consumed as delicacies: e. g. Truffles, morels, and portabella • (NOTE: Some deadly poisonous & some produce hallucinogens like LSD) • QUESTION: What economic impact does “black” mold have? Rusts & smuts?

Structures: • Hyphae - filaments which make-up the mycelium (body) • Mycellium - mass

Structures: • Hyphae - filaments which make-up the mycelium (body) • Mycellium - mass of hyphae; body of fungus • Septa - divides hyphae into sections via crosswalls • Cell Wall - composed of chitin • Yeast - unicellular, round and not associated with hyphae; reproduce by asexual budding • Spore - reproductive cell that grows a new organism; dispersal via wind; produced as a result of asexual or sexual life cycle • QUESTION: If a single fungus can produce billions of spores, why aren’t there fungi everywhere?

 Five basic groups • • • Chytridiomycota Zygomycota* Glomeromycota Ascomycota* Basidiomycota* • Grouped

Five basic groups • • • Chytridiomycota Zygomycota* Glomeromycota Ascomycota* Basidiomycota* • Grouped by: – Differences in life cycles – Structures that produce spores (particularly in sexual part of the life cycle – Comparative molecular data

Phylum Sexual Reproductive Structure Zygomycota Ascomycota Zygospore Asci Lack asci Basidiomycota Basidia Structures that

Phylum Sexual Reproductive Structure Zygomycota Ascomycota Zygospore Asci Lack asci Basidiomycota Basidia Structures that produce spores – spores are windblown Septa Example absent present black bread molds sac fungi present club fungi imperfect fungi

 • Phylum Chytridiomycota – chytridiomycetes or chytrids – Most closely related to ancestral

• Phylum Chytridiomycota – chytridiomycetes or chytrids – Most closely related to ancestral fungi – Aquatic, flagellated fungi – Life cycle: both haploid and diploid multicellular stages – Motile zoospores – Found in soil, fresh water and saline estuaries

 • Phylum Zygomycota - black bread molds (e. g. Rhizopus) – Aseptate hyphae

• Phylum Zygomycota - black bread molds (e. g. Rhizopus) – Aseptate hyphae – Sexual reproduction produces zygospores – Most saprotrophs (living off dead organic materials; recyclers) – Some parasitic • zygomycosis – infection by zygomycetes – often fatal – requires extensive surgery and antifungal treatment.

 • Phylum Glomeromycota – glomeromycetes – Small group of fungi – Tips of

• Phylum Glomeromycota – glomeromycetes – Small group of fungi – Tips of hyphae grow into plant roots • Arbuscular mycorrhizae – Asexual reproduction

 • Phylum Ascomycota - sac fungi (e. g. cup fungi & yeast) –

• Phylum Ascomycota - sac fungi (e. g. cup fungi & yeast) – Account for 75% of all fungi – Two main groups: • Sexual Ascomycota – Examples: baking & brewing yeast, morels & truffles, parasitic to plants – Plant diseases: Leaf curl fungi & mildews, Dutch elm disease, Ergot (infects grain)

Asexual Ascomycota - sexual life cycle has not been demonstrated (Deuteromycetes – imperfect fungi)

Asexual Ascomycota - sexual life cycle has not been demonstrated (Deuteromycetes – imperfect fungi) – Fungi Imperfecti - Contains the medically important fungi – Examples of Mycoses: Range from skin , deeper tissue, systemic infections – Tineas (cutaneous dermatophytes) – e. g. ringworm, athlete’s foot, & jock itch – Aspergillosis – e. g. swimmer’s ears & lung infection – Candidiasis – e. g. thrush & vaginitis; Causative agent Candida albicans

 • Phylum Basidiomycota - club fungi (e. g. mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi)

• Phylum Basidiomycota - club fungi (e. g. mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi) – Basidiocarps AKA fruiting bodies (cap) – Some are: • Responsible for rusts and smuts (parasitize cereal crops) • Delicacies (e. g. portabella and shiitake) • Poisonous