Pests and Diseases of Apple Ann Chanon Extension

Pests and Diseases of Apple Ann Chanon Extension Educator Agriculture and Natural Resources Lorain County

Acknowledgements Celeste Welty, OSU Extension Entomologist Melanie Ivey, OSU Extension Fruit Pathologist

Pest management strategies Do nothing Suppression Prevention Rescue treatment Eradication

Insect Life Cycles: the search for a weak link

Categories of pests Generalists Specialists Feed on vegetative parts Feed of fruit

Tactics for pest management by suppression Cultural Mechanical & physical Biological Microbial Chemical Behavioral Genetic

San José Scale Sucking pest Injures fruit & bark Overwinters on bark Disperses to fruit in crawler stage (starts mid-June) apple

San José Scale Insecticide spray options: Dormant § Oil § Lime sulfur Post-bloom (crawlers, in mid-June) § Malathion § Carbaryl (Sevin) apple § Insecticidal soap

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug nymph Photo by C. Welty adult Tracy Leskey, USDA Attacks fruits & seed pods Invading Ohio since 2007

Brown marmorated stink bug monitoring with traps Improved lure by USDA-ARS § Double lure (2 pieces) ARS#20 (10 mg) MDT (66 mg) § Several companies: Trécé Ag. Bio Alpha Scents Trap § Standard: tall black pyramid § New: Clear sticky card

Brown marmorated stink bug action threshold on apples Use 2 traps: § 1 on edge § 1 in interior Threshold = average 10 adults per trap Cumulative capture since last spray Once > threshold: § spray § re-set count to zero

Codling Moth The key pest in apple & pear fruit Young larva enters fruit, tunnels to seeds at core

Codling moth life cycle 1 st generation Memorial Day +/- 1 week 2 nd generation Late July to early August

Codling moth in apples Mechanical controls: Trunk bands Fruit bagging

Chemical control of codling moth Timing: Use 2 sprays per generation § First spray when eggs begin to hatch § Second spray 14 days later adult Insecticide: § spinosad § acetamiprid or egg § pyrethrins+PBO or § malathion or multi-purpose fruit spray larva

Apple Maggot A key pest in northern USA Not a pest in southern USA Variable in Ohio

Apple maggot Adult fly lays egg on fruit Larva tunnels through fruit Pupation in soil

Apple maggot control Mechanical Adult female fly attracted to round red object Sticky ball trap for mechanical control: 1 trap per 100 real fruit Chemical Sevin or acetamiprid in July & August

Oriental Fruit Moth 1 st & 2 nd broods: tunnel in terminal shoots 2 nd & 3 rd broods: tunnel in fruit

Oriental Fruit Moth Trap catches more that 100 adults in one night Sometimes an indication of resistance to insecticides used in the orchard Photo: Bill Shane MSU http: //www. growingproduce. com/fruits/stonefruit/oriental-fruit-moth-one-shiftypest/#Tinsel/137299/2

Plum Curculio Apple external damage from egg-laying Plum, peach, cherry internal damage from larvae tunneling apple

Disease Host Disease present here Pathogen …occurs when all three sides close in the center void Environment

The Disease Triangle: Causal Components Plant disease is prevented upon the change or elimination of any one of these three components.

Types of biotic disease organisms Fungi Oomycetes Bacteria Phytoplasma Virus Nematodes

Signs and symptoms Sign is the tissue of the infecting agent Mycelium on leaf surface Conks on tree trunks Fruiting structures of fungi Ooze flowing out of wound Pathogen

Signs and symptoms Symptoms are the plants reactions to pathogen Death of tissue either spots, entire areas of a plant or entire organs Leaf spots, blotches, streaks Lesions or cankers Discoloration bronzing, yellowing, browning, reddening, purpling Defoliation Host

Susceptible Host A plant that has a genetic make-up that permits the development of a disease and A plant that is at a stage of development that allows it to be susceptible to infection Fire Blight example

Common diseases and management One or two diseases make up 80 -90% of diagnoses Successful management requires an integrated approach

Early season fungal diseases Apple Scab Cedar Apple Rust Powdery Mildew

Apple scab Most important disease Venturia inaequalis University of Minnesota https: //www. extension. umn. edu/garden/yard-garden/fruit/apple-pestmanagement/apple-scab/

Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

Disease resistance

Cedar Apple Rust (Gymnosprangium juniper-virginianae)

Cedar Apple Rust Gelatinous horns from gall on cedar Cedar-Apple Rust symptoms on apple leaves

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Early season disease management Two types of programs Low Input Intensive

Fungicides Only effective when the disease is caused by a fungus, will not be effective on bacterial, viral or abiotic related problems. In addition: Select correct fungicide (based on correct disease identification) Apply at correct time Apply at correct frequency Apply to obtain good coverage

Fungicide Classification Preventative/Protectant: Must be applied before the disease develops, prevents incubation and penetration stage of disease development Provide a toxic barrier to the fungus Must be applied every 7 to 10 days and are subject to weathering Utilize various chemical families, some are not available to the home gardener

Low input spray program

Spray program for apples

Summer Rot diseases

Summer Rot diseases

Summer Rot diseases

Summer rot disease management

Fire Blight Important disease of pear and apple American Phytopathological Society https: //www. apsnet. org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/Pages/Fire. Blight. aspx

Fire Blight Bacteria Erwinia amylovora

Fire Blight management for apples and pears

Thank you! Questions?

Contact information Ann Chanon chanon. 1@osu. edu 440 -326 -5851 42110 Russia Rd. Elyria OH 44035