Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders Copyright

Anatomy and Physiology • Bones and joints • Bones provide framework and support –

Types of Bones Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms • Bone and joint diseases: – Pain, swelling, decreased mobility,

Diagnostic Tests • • X-rays Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)

Diseases of the Bone • Mild to severe • Common as adults age Copyright

Diseases of the Bone • Spinal deformities: – Kyphosis • Curvature of thoracic spine

Spinal Deformities Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Bone • Osteoporosis – Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading

Diseases of the Joints • Most occur as slow process • Arthritis – Inflammation

Diseases of the Joints • Rheumatoid arthritis – Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective

Diseases of the Joints • Hallux valgus – Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big

Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue • Muscular dystrophy (MD) – Inherited, genetic disorder

Ganglion Cyst Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL

Neoplasms • Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system uncommon – Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs,

Neoplasms • Osteosarcoma – Most common primary tumor of bone • Rhabdomyosarcoma – Very

Trauma • Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system • Fractures – Break in

Treatment of Fractures • • Immobilization Closed reduction Open reduction Traction Copyright © 2010

Strains and Sprains • Strain – Overstretching injury of muscle – Treatment: • •

Strains and Sprains • Sprain – Traumatic injury to joint – Treatment (RICE): •

Dislocations and Subluxations • Dislocation – Complete separation of bone from normal position –

Dislocation and Subluxation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Low Back Pain • Very common disorder • May be acute or chronic •

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus • Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc •

Bursitis • Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints – Bursae help

Bursitis • Treatment: – Moist heat – Analgesics – Anti-inflammatories Copyright © 2010 Delmar,

Tendonitis • Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone •

Tendonitis • Treatment: – – – Ice Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Exercises Surgery Copyright © 2010

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Repetitive motion injury affecting hands • Affects individuals working at

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Treatment: – – – Rest Splint Anti-inflammatories Physical therapy Surgery

Plantar Fasciitis • Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur • Treatment: –

Plantar Fasciitis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Shoulder and Knee Disorders • Torn rotator cuff – Muscles that hold head of

Shoulder and Knee Disorders • Cruciate ligament tears – Located inside knee joint –

Shin Splints • Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg •

Shin Splints • Treatment: – – – Rest Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Heat Ice Copyright ©

Rare Diseases • de Quervain’s – Tendonitis affecting thumb • Tuberculosis of bone –

Rare Diseases • Paget’s disease – Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation •

Effects of Aging • Decreased bone density • Decreased muscle strength and mass •

Animation Click Here to Play Twisting Force Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

Animation Click Here to Play Direct Force Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

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Anatomy and Physiology • Bones and joints • Bones provide framework and support – Classified by shape and composition • Joints – Where two or more bones meet • Muscle structure, movement, and heat Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diagnostic Tests • • X-rays Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) Blood studies – Including calcium and phosphorus • Electromyography • Muscle tissue biopsy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Bone • Spinal deformities: – Kyphosis • Curvature of thoracic spine – Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine – Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of spine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Bone • Osteoporosis – Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to decrease in bone mass • Osteomyelitis – Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Joints • Rheumatoid arthritis – Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body • Gout – Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Joints • Hallux valgus – Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe – Also known as bunion • Temporomandibular joint syndrome – Severe headaches and pain in jaw Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue • Muscular dystrophy (MD) – Inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles • Ganglion cyst – Fluid-filled benign tumor on tendon sheath near wrist • Tetanus – Also known as lockjaw Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Trauma • Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system • Fractures – Break in bone – Types: • Pathologic, open, and closed • Stress, displace, comminuted, and compression • Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, and stellate Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dislocations and Subluxations • Dislocation – Complete separation of bone from normal position – Causes pain and joint deformity • Subluxation – Partial separation of bone from normal position Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Low Back Pain • Very common disorder • May be acute or chronic • Treatment: – – Moist heat Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Muscle relaxants Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus • Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc • Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve • Treatment same as low back pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bursitis • Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints – Bursae help reduce friction during movement • Symptoms: – Severe pain • Limits motion Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Repetitive motion injury affecting hands • Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Shoulder and Knee Disorders • Torn rotator cuff – Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area • Torn meniscus – Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Shin Splints • Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg • Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • de Quervain’s – Tendonitis affecting thumb • Tuberculosis of bone – Develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • Paget’s disease – Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation • Myasthenia gravis – Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue • SLE Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Effects of Aging • Decreased bone density • Decreased muscle strength and mass • Changed vertebral disks and compression of vertebrae – Results in changes in height and spine curvature Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.