Chapter 17 Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders Copyright

Anatomy and Physiology • Female external structures: – – – Vulva Labia majora and

Anatomy and Physiology • Female internal structures: – – – Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus

Anatomy and Physiology • Female hormones: – Estrogen – Progesterone Copyright © 2010 Delmar,

Animation Click Here to Play Female Reproductive System Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage

Anatomy and Physiology • Male external structures: – Scrotum – Penis Copyright © 2010

Anatomy and Physiology • Male internal structures: – – – Testes Epididymis Vas deferens

Common Signs and Symptoms for Females • • Abdominal and pelvic pain Fever and

Common Signs and Symptoms for Males • Urinary disorders – E. g. , frequency,

Animation Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

Common Signs and Symptoms for Males • Swelling or abnormal enlargement of reproductive organs

Diagnostic Tests for Females • • • Bimanual examination Hysterosalpingogram Pap smear of cervix

Diagnostic Tests for Females • • Dilatation and curettage Laparoscopy Mammography Blood tests Copyright

Laparoscopy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diagnostic Tests for Males • • Digital rectal examination Cystoscopy Biopsy Laboratory tests –

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms prior to menses –

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PMS – Symptoms begin mid-cycle: • • • Breast

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PMS – Individualized treatment: • Dietary changes – Avoid

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menstrual abnormalities: – – Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Copyright

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Symptoms: • • Dysmenorrhea Low back, vaginal,

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Treatment: • Hormones • Remission with pregnancy,

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Inflammation of some or

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PID – Symptoms: • • Fever Chills Pelvic pain

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PID – Treatment: • Antibiotics • Analgesics • Rest

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cyst – Commonly benign fluid-filled sac(s) on or

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cyst – Symptoms: • • Low back pain

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Fibroid tumor – Also known as leiomyomas – Benign

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Fibroid tumor – Treatment depends on woman’s age and

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Vaginitis – Inflammation of vagina – Symptoms: • Burning

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Vaginitis – Common types: • Candida – Fungus or

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Toxic shock syndrome – Found almost exclusively in menstruating

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Toxic shock syndrome – Symptoms: • Diarrhea • Decreasing

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menopause – Natural halting of menstruation – Occurs between

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menopause – Symptoms: • Sleep disorders • Decreased libido

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Uterine prolapse – Uterus protrudes into vagina – Symptoms:

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Uterine prolapse – Treatment: • Hysterectomy Copyright © 2010

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cystocele – Herniation of urinary bladder through anterior vaginal

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Rectocele – Herniation of rectum through posterior vaginal wall

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cervical cancer – Fifth leading cause of cancer-related death

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cervical cancer – Reducing risk: • • • Smoking

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Uterine cancer – Develops in endometrium and spreads to

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cancer – Quite common and often fatal –

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cancer – Treatment: • Complete hysterectomy • Radiation

Diseases of the Breast • Fibrocystic disease – Most common breast disorder of premenopausal

Diseases of the Breast • Mastitis – Inflammation of breast tissue – Symptoms: •

Diseases of the Breast • Mastitis – Treatment: • • Antibiotics Application of heat

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Adenocarcinoma of breast ducts – Most

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Risk factors: • • • Menses

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Symptoms: • Non-tender lump of varying

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Treatment: • • Lumpectomy Mastectomy Chemotherapy

Disorders of Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancy – Fertilized ovum attaches to tissue outside uterus

Ectopic Pregnancy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment: • Prompt surgery to terminate pregnancy

Disorders of Pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion – Also known as miscarriage – Natural termination

Disorders of Pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion – Once started, progression difficult to stop –

Disorders of Pregnancy • Morning sickness – Associated with first trimester of pregnancy –

Disorders of Pregnancy • Morning sickness – Treatment: • • • Not necessary unless

Disorders of Pregnancy • Hyperemesis gravidarum – Excessive vomiting during pregnancy – Treatment: •

Disorders of Pregnancy • Toxemia – Usually appears during third trimester – Symptoms: •

Disorders of Pregnancy • Toxemia – Treatment: • Frequent monitoring of blood pressure, weight,

Disorders of Pregnancy • Abruptio placentae – Separation of placenta from uterus – Degrees

Disorders of Pregnancy • Abruptio placentae – Treatment: • Prompt delivery either vaginally or

Disorders of Pregnancy • Placenta previa – Abnormal positioning of placenta in lower uterus

Disorders of Pregnancy • Placenta previa – Treatment: • Vaginal delivery if asymptomatic or

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatitis – Inflammation of prostate gland – Symptoms: •

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatitis – Treatment: • • Antibiotics Warm sitz baths

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Enlargement of prostate gland

Male Reproductive System Diseases • BPH – Symptoms: • • Nocturia Inability to start

Male Reproductive System Diseases • BPH – Treatment: • • • Prostatic massage Sitz

Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatic carcinoma – Neoplasm of prostate gland affecting males

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatic carcinoma – Symptoms similar to BPH – Treatment:

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Epididymitis – Inflammation of epididymis – Symptoms: • Swollen,

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Epididymitis – Treatment: • • Rest Analgesics Use of

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Orchitis – Inflammation of one or both testes due

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Testicular tumor – Commonly affects young males between age

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Testicular tumor – Treatment: • Orchiectomy • Chemotherapy •

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Cryptorchidism – Undescended testicle – Common cause: • Premature

Cryptorchidism Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) • Genital herpes – – Viral infection One in six

STDs • Genital herpes – Symptomatic treatment: • • Antiviral medications Sitz baths Ice

STDs • Gonorrhea – Causes inflammation in mucous membranes of genital and urinary system

STDs • Gonorrhea – Symptoms: • • • Purulent discharge from penis and vagina

STDs • Gonorrhea – Treatment: • Antibiotics – Including penicillin • Tetracycline • Ceftriaxone

STDs • Syphilis – Three stages: • Primary – Painless chancre appears • Secondary

STDs • Syphilis – Three stages: • Tertiary – Period of rest lasting six

STDs • Syphilis – Treatment: • Penicillin • Tetracycline Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage

Syphilis Chancre Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL

STDs • Chlamydia – Also known as silent STD – Cause: • Bacterial –

STDs • Chlamydia – Treatment: • Antibiotics Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL

STDs • Trichomoniasis – Cause: • Protozoan – Symptoms: • Male – Urethritis –

STDs • Trichomoniasis – Symptoms: • Female – Green, frothy vaginal discharge – Itching

STDs • Genital warts – Viral infection – Symptoms: • Possible tenderness in affected

Genital Warts Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL

Sexual Dysfunction • Dyspareunia – Pain or discomfort with sexual intercourse – May affect

Sexual Dysfunction • Female arousal-orgasmic dysfunction – Also known as frigidity – Lack of

Sexual Dysfunction • Female arousal-orgasmic dysfunction – Causes: • Neurological • Psychological – Treatment:

Sexual Dysfunction • Premature ejaculation – Expulsion of seminal fluid during foreplay, prior to

Sexual Dysfunction • Impotence/erectile dysfunction (ED) – Now most commonly known as ED –

Sexual Dysfunction • Impotence/ED – Caused by vascular insufficiency and psychological factors – Treatment

Sexual Dysfunction • Impotence/ED – Prevention: • Activities related to healthy lifestyle • May

Sexual Dysfunction • Infertility – Inability of couple to achieve pregnancy – Female causes:

Sexual Dysfunction • Infertility – Female causes: • Scarring or blockage of fallopian tubes

Sexual Dysfunction • Infertility – Treatment: • Surgery • Medication therapy • Hormone imbalance

Trauma • Rape – Sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal) without consent or against will

Rare Diseases • Vaginal cancer – Occurs in daughters of mothers who used diethylstilbestrol

Rare Diseases • Puerperal sepsis – Infection of endometrium following childbirth – Treatment: •

Rare Diseases • Hydatidiform mole – Grape-like cysts in uterus that mimic pregnancy –

Effects of Aging on Females • • • Thinning and graying of pubic hair

Effects of Aging on Males • • Thinning and graying of pubic hair Decreased

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Anatomy and Physiology • Female external structures: – – – Vulva Labia majora and minora Clitoris Vestibule and vestibular glands Hymen Vaginal orifice Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy and Physiology • Male internal structures: – – – Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral and prostate glands Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms for Females • • Abdominal and pelvic pain Fever and malaise Abnormal vaginal discharge Burning and/or itching of genitals Pain during sexual intercourse Any change in breast tissue Abnormal discharge from nipple Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms for Males • Urinary disorders – E. g. , frequency, dysuria, nocturia, incontinence • Pain in pelvis, groin, or reproductive organs • Lesions on external genitals Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms for Males • Swelling or abnormal enlargement of reproductive organs • Abnormal penile discharge • Burning and/or itching of genitals Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms prior to menses – Symptoms begin mid-cycle: • • • Headache Nausea Back and joint pain Edema and bloating Weight gain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PMS – Symptoms begin mid-cycle: • • • Breast tenderness Sleep disturbances Irritability Mood swings Depression Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • PMS – Individualized treatment: • Dietary changes – Avoid caffeine, chocolate, nicotine, salt, sugar, and alcohol Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus – Common implantation sites: • • Ovaries Fallopian tubes Abdominal wall Intestines Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Symptoms: • • Dysmenorrhea Low back, vaginal, and pelvic cramping Heavy menses Dyspareunia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Endometriosis – Treatment: • Hormones • Remission with pregnancy, nursing, and menopause • Panhysterectomy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Inflammation of some or all pelvic reproductive organs • May include cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, and oophoritis – Causes: • Most commonly STDs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cyst – Commonly benign fluid-filled sac(s) on or near ovary – Two types: • Physiologic • Neoplastic Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cyst – Symptoms: • • Low back pain Pelvic pain Dyspareunia Nausea and vomiting – Treatment depends on type and size – May resolve by itself or require laparoscopy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Fibroid tumor – Also known as leiomyomas – Benign tumors of smooth uterine muscle – Symptoms: • Abnormal uterine bleeding • Excessive menstrual bleeding and pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Fibroid tumor – Treatment depends on woman’s age and desire for children: • Surgical removal of fibroids or hysterectomy • Uterine embolization • Hormone therapy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Vaginitis – Inflammation of vagina – Symptoms: • Burning • Itching • Swelling of vagina and external genitalia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Vaginitis – Common types: • Candida – Fungus or yeast • Trichomonas – Parasite • Atrophic – Post-menopausal Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Toxic shock syndrome – Found almost exclusively in menstruating females using tampons – Cause: • Organism called staphylococcus aureus – Symptoms: • High fever • Vomiting Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Toxic shock syndrome – Symptoms: • Diarrhea • Decreasing blood pressure – Treatment: • IV fluids • Antibiotics Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menopause – Natural halting of menstruation – Occurs between ages 45 and 55 – Symptoms: • • Hot flashes Night sweats Vaginal dryness Depression Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menopause – Symptoms: • Sleep disorders • Decreased libido – Treatment: • Hormone therapy • Exercise Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Uterine prolapse – Uterus protrudes into vagina – Symptoms: • • Heaviness in pelvis Urinary stress Dysuria Low back pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cystocele – Herniation of urinary bladder through anterior vaginal wall – Symptoms: • Pelvic pressure • Urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence – Treatment depends on degree of herniation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Rectocele – Herniation of rectum through posterior vaginal wall – Symptoms: • Discomfort • Constipation • Fecal incontinence – Treatment: • Surgical repair Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cervical cancer – Fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in females – Most common cause: • Human papillomavirus (HPV) – Symptoms: • Abnormal cervical bleeding – Treatment: • Surgical removal of tumor Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Cervical cancer – Reducing risk: • • • Smoking cessation Limiting number of sexual partners Using condoms Having yearly pap smear tests and following up on results Getting HPV vaccine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Uterine cancer – Develops in endometrium and spreads to uterine wall – Symptoms: • Abnormal bleeding in menopausal females – Treatment: • Surgical removal of uterus and ovaries with radiation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Diseases • Ovarian cancer – Quite common and often fatal – Symptoms: • Pressure on bladder • Abdominal or pelvic pain • General feeling of ill health Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Breast • Fibrocystic disease – Most common breast disorder of premenopausal females between age 30 and 55 – Cysts linked to estrogen levels – To decrease breast pain: • Reduce caffeine and salt • Use mild diuretics • Use mild analgesics week before menstruation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Breast • Mastitis – Treatment: • • Antibiotics Application of heat Analgesics Firm, supporting bra to decrease discomfort Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Adenocarcinoma of breast ducts – Most common breast neoplasm • Affects one of eight females – Risk factors: • Age 40 and over • Family member affected with breast cancer • Onset of menses before age 13 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Risk factors: • • • Menses continuing after age 50 Nullipara First child after age 30 Obesity Chronic breast disease Brassiere wear time Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diseases of the Breast • Breast cancer – Symptoms: • Non-tender lump of varying size • Occurs most often in upper-outer quadrant of breast – Often with dimpling Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancy – Fertilized ovum attaches to tissue outside uterus • Usually in fallopian tubes – Symptoms: • Acute pelvic pain • Vaginal bleeding • Positive pregnancy test Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment: • Prompt surgery to terminate pregnancy – Every effort taken to preserve ovary and tube if future pregnancy desired Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion – Also known as miscarriage – Natural termination of pregnancy before fetus is viable – Symptoms: • Vaginal bleeding • Cramping and pelvic pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion – Once started, progression difficult to stop – Dilation and curettage (D & C) may be necessary to remove any tissue remaining in uterus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Morning sickness – Treatment: • • • Not necessary unless vomiting Light meals several times per day Dry food before drinking Avoidance of fatty foods Rest after meals Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Hyperemesis gravidarum – Excessive vomiting during pregnancy – Treatment: • IV fluids • Withholding all foods and oral fluids – Usually subsides by second pregnancy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Toxemia – Usually appears during third trimester – Symptoms: • • Hypertension Sudden weight gain Proteinuria Edema in face, hands, and feet Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Abruptio placentae – Separation of placenta from uterus – Degrees of symptoms: • Partial separation may be asymptomatic • Complete separation may cause severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding – Shock and decrease in fetal heart tones Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Abruptio placentae – Treatment: • Prompt delivery either vaginally or by caesarean section (c-section) • Blood replacement may also be necessary Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Placenta previa – Abnormal positioning of placenta in lower uterus near or over cervical os – Symptoms: • Painless, bright red vaginal bleeding during third trimester Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Disorders of Pregnancy • Placenta previa – Treatment: • Vaginal delivery if asymptomatic or bleeding not severe • Emergency c-section if maternal bleeding or fetal anoxia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Enlargement of prostate gland due to normal cells overgrowing and enlarging – Common in males over age 60 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • BPH – Symptoms: • • Nocturia Inability to start urination Weak urinary stream Inability to empty bladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • BPH – Treatment: • • • Prostatic massage Sitz bath Catheterizations Regular sexual intercourse Surgery Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatic carcinoma – Neoplasm of prostate gland affecting males over age 50 – Second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in males Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Prostatic carcinoma – Symptoms similar to BPH – Treatment: • Depends on age, physical condition of individual, and degree of metastasis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Epididymitis – Inflammation of epididymis – Symptoms: • Swollen, hard, and painful epididymis • Severe scrotal pain and swelling Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Epididymitis – Treatment: • • Rest Analgesics Use of scrotal support Avoidance of alcohol, spicy foods, and sexual stimulation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Orchitis – Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infection – Symptoms: • Swelling, pain, and tenderness of one or both testes • Fever • Malaise – Treatment depends on cause Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Diseases • Testicular tumor – Commonly affects young males between age 20 and 35 • Most common type of cancer in this age group – Symptoms: • Painless mass felt in testicle Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) • Genital herpes – – Viral infection One in six individuals in United States infected Periods of remission and exacerbation Symptoms: • Blister-like lesions causing dysuria • Severe itching Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

STDs • Gonorrhea – Symptoms: • • • Purulent discharge from penis and vagina Dysuria Urinary frequency in males and females Cervicitis in females Genital itching and burning pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

STDs • Syphilis – Three stages: • Tertiary – Period of rest lasting six weeks to one year – Bacteria invade organs throughout body leading to gumma – Curable with antibiotics during this stage » But effects of lesions irreversible Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

STDs • Chlamydia – Also known as silent STD – Cause: • Bacterial – Symptoms: • Drainage with burning and itching • Urination due to urethritis and epididymitis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

STDs • Trichomoniasis – Symptoms: • Female – Green, frothy vaginal discharge – Itching and burning of genital area – Treatment • Antiparasitic medications – E. g. , Flagyl Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

STDs • Genital warts – Viral infection – Symptoms: • Possible tenderness in affected area – Treatment: • Chemical or surgical removal – Cervical cancer related to genital warts Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Dyspareunia – Pain or discomfort with sexual intercourse – May affect males and females – Treatment dependent on cause Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Female arousal-orgasmic dysfunction – Also known as frigidity – Lack of sexual desire or responsiveness – Inability to reach orgasm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Female arousal-orgasmic dysfunction – Causes: • Neurological • Psychological – Treatment: • Education on healthy sex attitudes and sexual stimulation techniques Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Premature ejaculation – Expulsion of seminal fluid during foreplay, prior to complete erection, or immediately after beginning sexual intercourse – Most common sexual problem in males • Especially young males – Treatment based on cause • Typically psychological – Rather than physical Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Impotence/erectile dysfunction (ED) – Now most commonly known as ED – Inability of male to achieve or maintain erection sufficient to complete sexual intercourse – Does not affect fertility Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Impotence/ED – Caused by vascular insufficiency and psychological factors – Treatment varies: • • Change in medications Psychological counseling Surgery External devices Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Infertility – Inability of couple to achieve pregnancy – Female causes: • • Presence of STD Hormonal disorders Abnormality of reproductive organs Endometriosis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexual Dysfunction • Infertility – Female causes: • Scarring or blockage of fallopian tubes • Vaginal antibodies that kill sperm – Male causes: • Presence of STD or other infection in tract • Structural abnormalities • Hormonal disorders Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Trauma • Rape – Sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal) without consent or against will of individual – May be against either sex – High incidence – Date rape drugs – Difficult recovery Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • Vaginal cancer – Occurs in daughters of mothers who used diethylstilbestrol (DES) hormone – Treatment: • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • Puerperal sepsis – Infection of endometrium following childbirth – Treatment: • Antibiotics – Prevention: • Asepsis during and after childbirth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • Hydatidiform mole – Grape-like cysts in uterus that mimic pregnancy – Treatment: • D&C – At higher risk to develop choriocarcinoma • Requiring frequent follow-up examinations Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Effects of Aging on Females • • • Thinning and graying of pubic hair Decreased elasticity and atrophy Shrinking of internal organs Decreased vaginal lubrication Greater stimulation and lubricants required for sexual pleasure Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Effects of Aging on Males • • Thinning and graying of pubic hair Decreased elasticity and atrophy Decreased testosterone Decreased sperm production Diminished ejaculation amount Enlarged prostate Greater stimulation required for erection Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.