PARTICIPACION DEL IGIC EN LOS TELESCOPIOS DE NEUTRINOS

PARTICIPACION DEL IGIC EN LOS TELESCOPIOS DE NEUTRINOS ANTARES Y KM 3 Ne. T FPA 2009 -13983 -C 02 -02 Miguel Ardid Ramírez IGIC- Universitat Politècnica de València

ANTARES AND KM 3 Ne. T NEUTRINO TELESCOPES (IGIC PARTICIPATION) Presentation and context Summary of previous activities and results ◦ Collaborations and projects ◦ Activities and responsibilities ◦ Results Proposed project ◦ Objectives, working plan and milestones ◦ Resources ◦ Viability of the project

Presentation and context The group “acoustics for underwater neutrino telescopes” ◦ Focus: Astroparticles of neutrino telescopes Specialised in the acoustic instrumentation (positioning and detection) ◦ Know-how and strategy: People with skills in particle physics and acoustics in a sea science research institute (IGIC-UPV at the Gandia Campus) ◦ Members M. Ardid (TU), F. Camarena (TU), M. Ferri (TEU), J. A. Martínez Mora (TU) M. Bou-Cabo (Ph. D Student, last year), G. Larosa (Ph. D Student, 2 nd year) M. García (Eng. ) Other collaborators in specific tasks of KM 3 Ne. T or acoustic detection R&D

Summary of previous activities and results. Collaborations and projects KM 3 NET ◦ UPV is in KM 3 Ne. T since the beginnings: Design Study Proposal and contract preparation (2004 -2005) Design Study, 6 th European Framework Programme (2006 -2009) Preparatory Phase, 7 th Framework Programme (2008 -2011) ANTARES ◦ UPV joined the collaboration in 2006: Funded by the FPA program (2007 -2009) HEAPNET ◦ UPV is participating in JRA Acoustics (Acoustic detection of neutrinos) Proposal preparation: good evaluation, especially the JRA acoustics, but finally not funded (2006 -2009)

Summary of previous activities and results. Collaborations and projects Title of the project or contract and duration Budget k€ KM 3 Ne. T-Spain-Posicionamiento Prog. Infraestructuras y Viabilidad (2007 -2008) KM 3 Ne. T – “Preparatory Phase for a Deep Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences (2008 -2011) Posicionamiento acústico para el telescopio de neutrinos ANTARES (2008 -2009) KM 3 Ne. T – “Design Study for a Deep Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences” (2006 -2009) Several grants (2005 -2009) 46. Funding agency and project reference Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia CAC-2007 -51 59 Commission of the European (UPV Communities partner) Grant agr. no. 212525 62 Min. Educación y Ciencia FPA 2007 -63729 87 Commission of the European (UPV Communities partner) DS Contract no. 011937 25 approx. National, Regional, and from the University

Summary of previous activities and results. Positioning calibration system. ANTARES case A positioning system for the optical modules (OMs) needed: ◦ Sea currents result on drifts of the storeys (and OMs) by several meters ◦ However, for muon track reconstruction based on: precise arrival time (~1 ns) Precise OM position (~20 cm) For this, reconstruction of the shape of the line r(z) = a v 2 z - b v 2 ln[1 -cz] a, b, c known mechanical constants, v sea current (parameter) Input: ◦ Positions from hydrophones (points along the line) ◦ Tilts and Heading from Compass/Tiltmeter (25 grad. ) ◦ Mechanical Constants (cable length, drag coef. , etc. ) Output: – Positions of all Storeys – Storey orientation – Sea current velocity (from the fit)

ANTARES Acoustic positioning system Positioning is determined using acoustic triangulation between fixed emitters on the sea floor and hydrophones on the lines Distances are obtained from the travel time measurement of the acoustic wave. HF-LBL acoustic system characteristics: ◦ Frequency range (40 – 60 k. Hz) ◦ 5 hydrophones per line: S 1, S 8, S 14, S 20, S 25 ◦ A transmitter/receiver per line at the BSS (line bottom) + autonomous transponders ◦ Electronic boards for settings, emission, detection, filtering and recording ◦ Full detector positioning obtained every 1 -2 minutes

Results. Acoustic examples • Examples of radial displacement given by triangulation • Hydrophone displacements followed with few cm accuracy • Larger displacements are observed for the top storeys • Similar behaviour for all the lines • Line movement dominated by East-West heading of the Ligurian current.

Results. Comparison Line Model - Acoustics • Comparison between hydrophone positions given by Line model and by acoustic triangulation (Feb – June 2007) Blue: alignment (no acoustic input) Green: alignment (with acoustic input) Red: acoustic triangulation Hydrophone position Line Model vs. Acoustic directly Line 1 Y (m) Bottom floor 14 m RMS = 3 cm 15 days Hydrophone position Line Model vs. Acoustic directly DY (m) Accuracy better than 10 cm M. Ardid, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 602 (2009) 174 Y (m) Line 1 Top floor RMS = 7 cm 14 m X (m) 18 m DY (m)

KM 3 Ne. T positioning system What we have learnt from ANTARES • Hydrophones: spatial position accuracy ~ 5 cm • Line-shape (based on tilt-meter and compass): accuracy < 20 cm. • It seems to work well but it should be scaled to KM 3 Ne. T q. Commercial systems too much expensive for KM 3 Ne. T New design needed: q. Reduction of the number of acoustic emitters (not for all the lines) §Larger distances lower frequency signal processing all-data-to-shore ap. q Hydrophones: reduce the unit price Piezos glued to OM or FFR transducers q. Design of versatile low-power electronics q. Try to reduce the number of tilt-meters and compasses

KM 3 Ne. T positioning system Time of trigger known (accuracy < ns ) FMC off-shore Trigger Signal Acou Board Signal Generator Board Signal to transmitters FFR Optical link preamp FMC on-shore Acoustic Data Server All-data-to-shore approach: • More reliable (all the information) • More poweful (signal processing, optimization, etc. ) • More versatile (acoustic studies, monitoring) • Not a very large increase in data communication speed rates for the whole telescope

KM 3 Ne. T positioning system. IGIC prototype Design: acoustic transceivers prototype M. Ardid et al. 11 th Pisa Meeting Advance Detectors 2009 DAQ + FFR transducer tests Emmited Received

KM 3 Ne. T positioning system. IGIC prototype FFR transducer characterization TVR [d. B re 1 u. Pa/V @ 1 m] 160 155 150 145 Transmitting Voltage Response 140 135 130 15 17. 5 20 22. 5 25 27. 5 30 32. 5 35 37. 5 40 42. 5 45 RVR [d. B re 1 V/u. Pa] -170 FFR Pressure tests -175 -180 -185 -190 Receiving Voltage Response -195 -200 15 20 25 30 35 Frequency [k. Hz] 40 45

Acoustic Detection Temperature Hadronic shower ~10 m ~1 km Time Instant heating followed by a slow coldening BIP Ecasc= 1 Ee. V@1 km Signature: Bipolar acoustic pulse very directive Advantage: low attenuation ~ 1 km

AMADEUS system in ANTARES 6 storeys x 6 acoustic sensors • Basic system to evaluate the feasibility of the acoustic detection

AMADEUS system in ANTARES Largest probability of source direction

R&D activities for calibration in acoustic detection of neutrinos neutrino calibrator (bipolar pulse) M. Ardid et al. , J. Phys. : Conf. Series 81 (2007) 012015 Computer Soundcard Tank 1. 10 x 0. 85 x 0. 80 m 3 HDSP 9632 Sampling Frequency: 192 k. Hz Original Signal Cool Edit + Aurora Signal obtained (Flatten spectrum) Matlab Signal obtained (without equalisation) Signal obtained (Inverse filter)

R&D activities for calibration in acoustic detection of neutrinos Compact neutrino calibrator (parametric acoustic source) M. Ardid et al. , NIM A (2009) nima. 2009. 03. 196 Next step: Cilindrical symmetry with tube piezoelectric ceramics

Summary of previous activities and results. Activities and responsibilities KM 3 Ne. T ◦ IGIC-UPV is having a major role in the design, prototype building and evaluation of the positioning system ◦ Responsibility: Coordination of calibration activities ANTARES ◦ IGIC-UPV has developed the software code for the interface of the acoustic positioning system and the database, and is performing the analysis of this system + calibration and analysis of AMADEUS ◦ Responsibility: Coordination of positioning activities R&D in acoustic detection of neutrinos ◦ IGIC-UPV is doing R&D for a compact, easy to deploy and operate acoustic neutrino calibrator by means of the parametric effect ◦ Responsibility: Coordination of calibration tasks in HEAPNET-acoustics

Summary of previous activities and results. Results Consolidation of the group: ◦ Funds obtained: Good for that period with different programs: European, National, Regional ◦ Ph. D Students and Technicians incorporated but still low percentage in the group ◦ KM 3 Ne. T (Close to TDR, October 2009) Major role in calibration (coordination), especially in acoustic positioning (prototypes, design, etc) ◦ ANTARES (Detector completed, scientific program running) Major role in positioning activities (coordination, software, analysis) ◦ Acoustic detection (R&D, serious experiments to see viability) Major role in R&D for calibration

Summary of previous activities and results. Results Publications: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 21 supp 01 (2006) 137 J. Phys. : Conf. Series 81 (2007) 012015 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 602 (2009) 174 Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 602 (2009) 183 Astropart. Phys. 31 (2009) 277 Ad Hoc & Sens. Wireless Netw. (2009) #118 NIM A (2009) nima. 2009. 03. 071 NIM A (2009) nima. 2009. 03. 196 Conferences ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ARENA 2005, 2006 and 2008 EAA European Symp. Hydroacous. 2006 Int. Congress on Acoustics 2007 Int. Conf. Underwater Acous. Meas. 2007 UNWAT-SENSORCOMM 2007 and 2008 VLVNT-2008 11 th Pisa Meeting Advance Detectors 2009 Formation: ◦ Ph. D. : Manuel Bou Cabo (close to finish) ◦ DEA: Manuel Bou Cabo (02/08), Giuseppina Larosa (12/09) ◦ 4 Master Degree Thesis

Proposed project Objectives, working plan and milestones KM 3 Ne. T (leading the work in the acoustic system): ◦ Development of the prototype of the acoustic transceivers FFR transducers + electronics R&D (good solution in terms of cost and specs) All data to shore approach higher reliability, acoustic detection Development and tests (2009), Test in situ (2010) Inclusion of this solution in the TDR ◦ Development and test of this system for the prototype and first lines Investment required Adaptation of the lab for tests of this system (2009 -10) Analysis of the prototype systems (2010 -11) Protocol for the mass production and integration of the system (2011 -12) Analysis of the acoustic detection of neutrinos capabilities (2010 -11)

Proposed project Objectives, working plan and milestones ANTARES ◦ Positioning system: Automation of operation and analysis of the system (2009) Analysis of systematic uncertainties and cross-checks (2009) Analysis of the influence of the system in the performance of the detector: track reconstruction and angular resolution (2009 -10) ◦ First hybrid optic-acoustic analysis of hadronic showers Brightpoint events from ANTARES and bipolar acoustic signals from AMADEUS in coincidence. In coordination with IFIC group (2010 -11) R&D in acoustic detection of neutrinos ◦ Development of the compact acoustic neutrino calibrator Prototype using piezoelectric tubes with high-frequency resonance (2009 -10) Tests in AMADEUS and KM 3 Ne. T sites (2010 -11)

Proposed project Resources Manpower ◦ Available: 4 Senior (2 TC+2 TP) + 2 Ph. D (2 TC) + 1 Techn. (1 TP) ◦ Requested: 1 Post-Doc, 1 Ph. D. Student, 1 Eng. To do the tasks + balance the group (some requested is to renew positions) Equipment ◦ Available: Underwater acoustic lab and instrumentation ◦ Requested: To adapt the lab for the tests of acoustic systems of KM 3 Ne. T (tank + DAQ) For the acoustic system of 1 st lines of KM 3 Ne. T (hydroph. + electronics) To analyse and for triggers of ANTARES/AMADEUS Data (Computers) Consumables For the positioning of KM 3 Ne. T and for the acoustic neutrino calibrator (Electronic components, cables and connectors, containers, piezoceramics)

Proposed project Resources Travel and subsistence Meetings of the Collaborations, shifts, sea campaigns, conferences Other Inscriptions to conferences, meetings, courses, etc. Other small costs Cost Summary Manpower (Costs + Complements) Equipment Consumables Travel and subsistence Other costs TOTAL Budget (K€) 185 +18 120 25 72 10 430

Proposed project Viability of the project sustained by ◦ ◦ Reasonable objectives and tasks for the period The strength of the collaborations (ANTARES and KM 3 Ne. T) Past experience and activities (in ANTARES and in our groups) The skills of our groups to perform the tasks proposed Risks ◦ ANTARES/AMADEUS could be not large enough for some physics ◦ Anyway, this is addressed going into KM 3 Ne. T Summary ◦ ANTARES/AMADEUS is running, KM 3 Ne. T close to construction ◦ Neutrino telescopes sound