CNGS CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Neutrinos and

CNGS - CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso > “Neutrinos” and “Gran Sasso” > CNGS Schedule > Main components, installation at CERN > Neutrinos at CNGS (some numbers) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 1

A sincere “ THANK YOU ! “ to the many colleagues who are contributing, at CERN and elsewhere, to the CNGS project 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 2

What are Neutrinos (n) ? Leptons ð elementary particles ð come in three flavors (LEP) ð electric charge: zero ! ð mass: very small zero? ð interaction with matter: “very weak” “ the elusive particle “ 29 June 2006 particle e -1 ne 0 ------------------ m nm -1 0 ------------------- t nt CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener -1 + antiparticles (pistachio, chocolate, vanilla) electric charge 0 3

Where are the Neutrinos ? ð “all around us” -> radioactive decay of atomic nuclei (natural) n --> p + e + ne every person is a neutrino – emitter: 340 millions per day 20 milligrams radioactive potassium (40 K) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 4

Where are the Neutrinos ? -> from nuclear reactors -> from the sun 4 x 1014 neutrinos per second from the sun are traversing our body, but. . . in 100 years, only 1 solar neutrino interacts with our body. One would need an iron block 1016 meters long in order to “stop” 50% of the solar neutrinos 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 5

Where are the Neutrinos ? -> at accelerators… (high energy neutrinos) (proton + Nucleus -> pions -> decay) p --> m + nm -> from collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere -> everywhere around us (cosmic. . . ). . . 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 6

How do we detect neutrinos ? neutrinos interact VERY rarely with matter - when they do, they often produce a lepton of their “own flavour”: e ne nm p, n, p, K. . . NOTE: a m t nt p, n, p, K. . . minimum amount of energy is needed (to create the mass of the lepton): me = 0. 5 Me. V, - mm = 106 Me. V - mt = 1770 Me. V The higher the neutrino energy, the more likely the interaction ! 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 7

Neutrino mass ? ð Standard model of particle physics: n masses “ZERO” ð “Direct” mass measurements -> upper limits ( in decay experiments measuring kinetic energy of “the partner” ) mne < 2. 2 e. V mnm < 170 ke. V mnt < 15. 5 Me. V ð What’s the problem ? ðOBSERVATION 1 : SOLAR NEUTRINO “DEFICIT” only about 50% of the ne expected are actually observed: ne disappear “en route” from the sun to the earth … 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 8

OBSERVATION 2 : “ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO ANOMALY” much less nm “from below” observed w. r. t. expectations nm disappear “en route” over 10’ 000 km … ? 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 9

ne Neutrino Oscillation Gran Sasso nm nt n’s change flavor ! 29 June 2006 Is this possible? --> Yes, “if neutrinos have mass”! CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 10

In Dec. 1999, CERN council approved the CNGS project: an intense nm beam at CERN-SPS search for nt appearance at Gran Sasso laboratory (730 km from CERN) build “long base-line” nm -- nt oscillation experiment note: K 2 K (Japan) completed; Nu. MI/MINOS (US) running 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 11

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 12

ORGANISATION of CNGS CERN Convention INFN bilateral co-ordination committee CERN and LNGS scientific committees builds and operates CNGS neutrino beam operates the Gran Sasso underground Laboratory, which houses detectors special contributions finance a large fraction of CNGS International Collaborations 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 13

The Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 14

730 km might seem too short but look at the details : Background low enough, event rate still acceptable --> 730 km almost perfect AND, VERY IMPORTANT: - existing laboratory with its infrastructure (since 1987) - large halls directed to CERN - caverns in the GS mountains: 1500 m of rock shielding - tradition in very successful neutrino physics experiments (solar n’s) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 15

Detecting nt at Gran Sasso -> look for the t lepton: extremely difficult - p, e, m t travels less than 1 mm before decaying nt t ne nm nt p, n, p, K. . . -> two approaches: (a) very good position resolution (see the decay “kink”) -> (b) very good energy and angle resolution -> 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener ICARUS OPERA 16

Neutrinos t decay A tau event can be identified because it leaves several tracks starting at the same « point » (the neutrino interaction vertex) – one of the tracks (the tau) shows a kink after about ~1 mm. “kink” t ~0 nt . 6 mm Electron (or muon) Hadrons 1 mm t A detector with excellent spatial resolution is required ! 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 17

assembled in small units called bricks modular detector rapid analysis massive « target » : lead plates micrometric precision : emulsions 56 lead plates (1 mm thick) alternating with 56 photographic films (emulsions). Brique Brick 1 mm 8. 3 kg t n 10. 2 x 12. 7 x 7. 5 cm Pb Couche de gélatine 29 June 2006 CERNphotographique Neutrinos to Gran Sasso 40 mm Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 18

OPERA: 1800 tons of “detector mass” walls made of bricks (total more than 200’ 000) -> bricks made of “sandwiches” -> sandwiches made of lead and nuclear emulsion (type of film) artists view (2001) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 19

artists view (2004) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 20

OPERA status, November 2005 SM 1 SM 2 Target SM 1 Aimants 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 21

“back to CERN”. . . CNGS beam-line: the main components (1) (based on CERN experience: PS / SPS neutrino beams -> WANF) p+C 29 June 2006 (interactions) p+, K+ (decay in flight) m+ + nm CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 22

CNGS: the main components (2) 700 m 1000 m 67 m vacuum p+C 29 June 2006 (interactions) p+, K+ (decay in flight) m+ + nm CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 23

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 24

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 25

CNGS schedule 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 26

CNGS works ground breaking ceremony: 12 October 2000 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 27

CNGS civil engineering more than 3 km of tunnels and caverns (diameter 3. 1 m -> 6. 0 m) more than 45’ 000 m 3 rock to be removed more than 12’ 000 m 3 concrete to be “sprayed” or poured 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 29

CNGS -- proton beam -> protons from SPS, 400 Ge. V -> NEW fast extraction - tested in 2004 -> this extraction system needed for TI 8 -> LHC transfer line (but modified for CNGS) -> CNGS p-beam branches off after 100 metres -> 700 metres of proton beam line to CNGS target (proton beam spot: s = 0. 5 mm) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 30

CNGS -- proton beam 73 deflection (dipole) magnets (6. 4 m long, 11 tons) 21 quadrupole magnets + correction dipoles +. . . + typical “half cell” BEAM corrector Dipole 5. 6% slope Electrical distribution box BEAM Quadrupole Magnet Interlock electronics Beam position monitor control electronics 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 31

Proton beam tunnel – February 2002 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 32

Proton beam tunnel – April 2003 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 33

Proton beam tunnel – Dec. 2004 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 34

Proton beam tunnel – Feb. 2005 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 35

Proton beam tunnel – 1 July 2005 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 36

Proton beam tunnel – 13 July 2005 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 37

Proton beam – November 2005 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 38

beam position pump beam profile 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener Proton beam: Monitoring equipment and vacuum system 39

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener Proton beam: Final focusing towards the target 40

CERN/Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Proton last beam position beam profile monitors upstream of the 41 29 June beam: 2006 Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener target station collimator and shielding

CNGS -- target -> 10 cm long graphite rods, Ø = 5 mm and/or 4 mm proton beam Note: - target rods thin / interspaced to “let the pions out” - target rods need to be precisely aligned (0. 1 mm) - target needs to be cooled (particle energy deposition) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 42

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 43

target unit (assembly of Alu container) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 44

target magazine (4 spare target units) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 45

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener Target station installed in final configuration – 8 March 2006 46

target magazine with motors, in the lab 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 47

target station motor / indexing finger 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 48

CNGS -- focusing devices length: 6. 5 m diameter: 70 cm weight: 1500 kg Pulsed devices: 150 k. A / 180 k. A, 7 ms water-cooled: distributed nozzles 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 49

“Magnetic Horn” (S. van der Meer, CERN 1961) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 50

Principle of focusing with a Magnetic Horn magnetic volume given by “one turn” at high current: specially shaped inner conductor - end plates cylindrical outer conductor 35 Ge. V positively charged particles leaving the target 0. 35 m inner conductor 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 51

secondary beam focusing with horn/reflector 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 52

CNGS -- focusing devices Design criteria: >95% probability to work for 20 Mio. pulses 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener courtesy LAL/IN 2 P 3 53

The inner conductor: - as thin as possible (particle absorption) - as thick as necessary (mechanical stability) 29 June 2006 courtesy LAL/IN 2 P 3 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 54

reflector assembly – inner and first “barrel” of outer conductor 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 55

reflector assembly – inner and second “barrel” of outer conductor 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 56

reflector assembly – connection plate with GRAFOIL ring and glass disk 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 57

reflector assembly – connection plates onto first “barrel” 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 58

magnetic horn completed (in the laboratory) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 59

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso for CERN by K. Elsener horn Seminar in the labguides, – beam entrance side 60

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso CERN–guides, by K. Elsener horn in. Seminar theforlab beam exit side (“neck”) 61

reflector transport – arrival at BA 4 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 62

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso reflector transport the service gallery Seminar for CERN guides, –byin K. Elsener 63

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso horn installation theguides, target chamber – 31 Jan. 2006 Seminar in for CERN by K. Elsener 64

Powering of a Magnetic Horn 6000 V / 9000 A ”Stripline” 400 V / 150000 A 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 65

“stripline” 150000 A 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 66

3 twisted cables 6000 V / 9000 A 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 67

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso in progress: Seminar for CERN horn guides, byroof K. Elsenerclosure 68

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener horn roof shielding completed 69

Helium Tank and shielding 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 70

p / K profile at entrance to decay tunnel 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 71

CNGS -- decay tube - dimensions of decay tube: 2. 45 m diameter steel tubes, 6 m long pieces, 1 km length welded together in-situ vacuum: ~1 mbar tube embedded in concrete 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 72

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener decay tube sleeves produced and delivered “just in time” 73

6 m long section lowered down the CE shaft 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 74

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 6 m long tube transported along the access gallery 75

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener target chamber: assembling the 18 m 76 long sections

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 77 18 m section transported along the decay tunnel

Welding inside decay tube 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 78

CNGS -- hadron stop: 3. 2 m graphite 15 m iron blocks upstream end: water cooled 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 79

graphite cooling modules 11 July 2003 – near the shaft PGCN 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 80

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 81

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener Hadron stop – 28 July 2003 82

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener Hadron stop – 2 Sept. 2003 83

CNGS -- muon detectors p --> m + nm 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 84

expected CNGS muon profiles first muon chamber 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener second muon chamber 85

muon detectors (ionisation chambers) 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 86

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 87

Radial distribution of the nm- beam at Gran Sasso detector cross section 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 88

Neutrinos at CNGS – some numbers: For 1 day of CNGS operation, we expect: protons on target pions / kaons at entrance to decay tunnel nm in direction of Gran Sasso nm in 100 m 2 at Gran Sasso 2 x 1017 3 x 1012 nm events per day in OPERA 25 per day nt events (from oscillation) 2 per year 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 89

29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 90

more information: www. cern. ch/cngs 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 91