NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series International cooperation and

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society (New) Dr. KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University CDI 020121547 1. 12. 2012

CONTENTS Food: Simple Matter of Demand Supply? Globalisation of Food, 1492 -1939 Food and the World Wars Globalisation of Food after 1945: § Economy § Politics § Society Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 2

I: FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND SUPPLY? Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 3

FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND SUPPLY? Age of Plenty § Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796 § The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876 § A blogger’s meal, Hong Kong, 2012 Famine Cases After 1945 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 4

FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND SUPPLY? Food: solely economic issue? Human rights issue? § “The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941 § Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 § Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25). Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 5

FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND SUPPLY? International dimension § Global movement of food and ideas § International trade § Politics and International relations Social dimension § Class § Eating habit as expression of class identity § Ethnicity and Identity § National identity and national cuisine § Regional culture § Culture § Globalisation § Glocalisation Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 6

II: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493 -1939 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 7

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493 -1939 Age of Discovery, 1493 -1850 § Trade and Colonialism § Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia § Sugarcane, spice, fruits… § Potato and Maize § Population increase Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 8

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493 -1939 The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI § Increase in productivity § Staple food – wheat, barley, rice… § Meat – (16 kg person/year in 1870 – 50+kg person/year in 1914) § Industrialisation § § § Dehydration Pasteurisation Refrigeration Canning Transportation § Railway and steamships § Emergence of large corporations and lobby groups § E. g. United Fruit Company, 1899 -1970 and Meat Union § Marketing and consumerism Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 9

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493 -1939 The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI (con’t) § International trade – Free Trade § Free trade and division of labour § Banana republics (monoculture) § South America and Australia § Migration and changing diet Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 10

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493 -1939 Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation? German example (1870 -1914): § Contexts: German farmers vs. major exporters of grain (USA, Russia and Canada); population increase; industrialisation; urbanisation; decrease of agricultural pop; political structure of Germany § Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck introduced import tariff of grain to protect farmers and land owning class (Junkers) – high price for imported food § Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition § Vicious cycle: increasingly difficult to feed working population with home-grown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 11

III: FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 12

FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS Germany § Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winter”: near-famine in 1917; 750, 000 died of malnutrition Please use the following links to view two pictures. http: //net. lib. byu. edu/estu/wwi/comment/warbook/images/wb 11. jpg http: //chestofbooks. com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening 4/images/TURNIPS-FOR-STREET-SALE-Turnips-badly-Infested-with-maggots. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 13

FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS Germany (con’t) § Autarchy vs Free trade? Debate in the 1920 s § Argument of Autarchy won § Supported by right-wing movements § The Nazis and Food § Reich Food Corporation – total state control since 1933 § “Blood and soil”: Race, agriculture, and Lebensraum § Understood the inability to feed the Germans during wartime – attack the Soviet Union! § Generalplan Ost, 1940 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 14

FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS Japan § Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868 § Changing eating habits § More animal protein § Increase in rice consumption § 25% increase from 1890 s to 1914 § Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan § Still not enough! § Manchuria – “Plan for the Settlement of One Million Households over Twenty Years” § China and Southeast Asia Italy § Battle for Grain 1920 s Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 15

FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS Allies attempt to coordinate food § Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation) § Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science § Still, famine in India Meals of the Soldiers, WWII § Axis § Allies Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 16

IV: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 17

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY Post 1945 socio-economic development § Relative peace § Population increase § Industrialisation and urbanisation § Increase in wealth § Change in lifestyle § Multinationals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 18

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY Technological change § § § Agri-chemistry Hybrids Packaging Refrigerating Transport Example: factory ships Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 19

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY The Problem of Distribution § Uneven distribution § Obesity in developed countries § Famines around the world § Causes § Natural disaster § Internal and international politics § International trade Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 20

V: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 21

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS World food situation in 1945 § Overall amount of food available to the world: 12% less than before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946 § Many had less than half of what they had in 1945 than in 1939 § Europe § § § Production was only 36% of prewar level Germany: 1, 000 calories person per day in cities Some Germans lost a pound a day in 1946 2 million died in the Soviet Union Even Britain had to introduce rationing in 1945 § Asia § Famine in China, Korea, Java, and Vietnam § 30 million in China suffered from under-nourishment § 100, 000 starved to death in Tokyo three months after the war § The Americas Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 22

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS Food as Cold War Weapon § Berlin Airlift, 1948 § Marshall Plan VS Warsaw Pact § Relief package (CARE) from the USA § Politics of Aid § Abundance as propaganda: Hong Kong § Chinese food and water: Hong Kong § East Pearl River Water § Ng Fung Hong § Food trains during the 1967 Riot Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 23

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS International Cooperation Attempts (By UN) § The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905 -1945 § Combined Food Board during the Second World War § United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943 (Hot Spring Conference) § Not only about food aid § Also put forward the idea of eating healthily § § § Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1945 World Food Programme, 1961 World Food Conference, 1974 World Food Council, 1974 -1993 World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2009 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 24

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS International Cooperation Attempts (By Others) § World Trade organization, 1993 § Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010 § European Union § European Food Safety Authority Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 25

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS Work Done § § § Food aid Setting standards Food safety Market regulation Removal of trade barrier Sharing technology § Joint research § Dissemination Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 26

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS Limitations of Cooperation § Processes of reaching international agreements § Tensions § Politics within the international organisations § States vs. States § States vs. Corporations and interest groups § Politics within the states § States vs. individuals § Corporations vs. individuals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 27

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS Limitations of Cooperation (con’t) § Other Causes § Political § Internal situation in countries § Multinational and agricultural interests § Lack of consensus among countries § Politics of food aid § Technological and Economic § Trade and food aid § Bottleneck in production § Speculation and trade barrier § Oil price and food fuel § New technology vs. vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 28

VI: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 29

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY Prices of Increased Productivity § Environmental § § Wastage Impact of agriculture on environment Carbon footprint of food Loss of biodiversity § Obesity § Over-consumption § Health cost § Entrenched interest § American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, American Association of Meat Processors § Twisting of taste § Standardisation of flavour § Artificial flavour Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 30

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY Cultural and Class Dimensions § National cuisine and regional food? § Class dimension of food? § Conservation VS tradition § Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War § Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned § Employment § Vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 31

THE END! Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 32

FOOD FOR A FARM LABOURER, 1796 Bread Little bit of bacon Sometimes with potatoes A bit cheese Beer, sugared tea, and “tiny quantities of milk” Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 33

THE MEALS OF A MILL WORKER, 1876 Monday: a bit of cold meat Tuesday: a hash (mix of diced meat, potatoes, and spices) Wednesday: a potato pie Thursday: fry liver and onions Friday: potted meat Saturday: sausage With potatoes, bread, and beverages such as tea, beer, and milk Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 34

A BLOGGER’S MEAL, 2012 (Not a wedding dinner!) Roasted pig Fried crab leg Stir-fried shrimp Dried scallop Sharks fin soup Abalone with goose palm Steamed garoupa Crispy chicken Shanghai dumplings Braised noodles Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 35

FAMINE CASES AFTER 1945 Year Location Deaths 1945 Vietnam 2, 000 1947 Soviet Union 1, 000 -1, 500, 000 1958 Tigray, Ethiopia 100, 000 1959– 1961 China 15, 000– 43, 000 1968– 1972 Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso 1, 000 1972– 1973 Ethiopia 60, 000 1974 Bangladesh 1, 000 1975– 1979 Cambodia 2, 000 1980– 1981 Uganda 30, 000 1983– 1985 Ethiopia 200, 000 1991– 1992 Somalia 300, 000 1996 North Korea 200, 000 -3, 500, 000 1998 Sudan 70, 000 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 36

POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 600. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 37

POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 594. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 38

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY Alexander Apostolides, “English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity, 1250– 1850: Some Preliminary Estimates”. http: //www. basvanleeuwen. net/bestanden/agriclongrun 1250 to 1850. pdf Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 39

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY Export of Frozen Meat 1881 -1900 (tons) K. T. H. Farrer, A Settlement Amply Supplied, p. 250; http: //www. pir. sa. gov. au/aghistory/livestock/beef/markets_and_marketing/marketing_-_produce Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 40

US MEAT INDUSTRY, 1900 s Please use the following links to view two pictures about the Industrialized Butcher House in the USA in the 1900 s. http: //1. bp. blogspot. com/_Frs. Z 4 UW 5 Hs/TPVf. Ki. PSLt. I/AAAAAr. Y/o DS_y. XTQk. YE/s 1600/beef 5. jpg http: //www. brandeis. edu/investigate/foodborneillness/images/Beef-industry-1900 s-4. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 41

CANNED FOOD, 1890 s Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef, USA, 1890 s http: //farm 9. staticflickr. com/8031/7986212820_c 0 be 7643 c 6_m. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 42

MARKETING AND COMMERCIALS Please use the following two links to view two posters. http: //www. britishempire. co. uk/images/crac kerspack. jpg http: //www. britishempire. co. uk/images/pate rsonspack. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 43

BANANA CARRIERS Please use this link to view the picture of SS Abangarez, 5, 000 t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911 http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/a/a 6/SS_Abangarez. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 44

GERMAN GENERALPLAN OST, 1940 Please use this link to view the map. http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_ map. tiff/lossy-page 1 -1024 px-Generalplan_Ost_map. tiff. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 45

WAR DEATHS, 1945 -2000 Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deaths From 1945 to 2000. http: //www. worldmapper. org/images/largepng/287. png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 46

INTERNATIONAL FAST FOOD DIST. Please use this link to view the map which shows the international Fast food distribution. http: //www. worldmapper. org/images/largepng/364. png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 47

FOOD MULTINATIONALS Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market. http: //www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companiesgraphic_n_1458812. html Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 48

PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION (KCAL/PERSON/DAY) FAO, World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030, p. 30 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 49

OBESITY AND HEALTH PROBLEM Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010. http: //www. oecd. org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancet seriesonchronicdiseaseschina-keyfacts. htm Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 50

WHITE LOAF VS RYE BREAD Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 51

RACE, LAND, AGRICULTURE Please use this link to view the Nazi Poster in 1937. http: //file. vintageadbrowser. com/lvaayf 2 et 6 kmhxm. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 52

HONG KONG AS COLD WAR FRONT: FOOD (Enhancement of the) economic, social and political conditions in Hong Kong that will continue to contrast favorably with conditions in Communist China – “Statement of US Policy on Hong Kong, ” NSC 6007, 1960 US food aid to Hong Kong (P. L. 480) – all American outputs § 4 million USD (30, 400, 000 USD in 2011) per annum between 19581961 § 1 million under refugee program § 0. 8 million under information program § 0. 027 million under educational exchange Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 53

A CARE RELIEF PACKAGE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere Please use this link to view the picture of a care relief package. http: //blob. freent. de/contentblob/739398/teaser. Img 847 x 565/carepake te-luftbruecke. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 54

“BARE SHELF” POLICY OF 1944 US Department of Agriculture vs US Military and UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) § Dept. of Agriculture wanted to reduce production to protect the US farming interest from overproduction § Food administrators encouraged the production and consumption of meat – instead of producing enough grain for the starving European population § USA unable to provide enough grain for the starving European countries in 1946 – had to be helped by countries such as Britain and Canada Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 55

IDEA OF WORLD FOOD BOARD Put forward by John Boyd Orr, British nutritionist, who was elected as the director-general of the FAO in 1946 To “reconfigure the world’s political economy by organizing it scientifically, according to human need, not profit” The idea of continuing the Food Board during the Second World War to coordinate production and distribution of food Opposed by the US State Department Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 56

CHANGING JAPANESE DIET, 1961 -2006 “Resource consumption in Japanese agriculture and its link to food security , ” Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 3, (Mar 2011) Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 57

JAPANESE MILITARY RATION Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Japanese Military Ration http: //www. lonesentry. com/articles/japaneserations/japanese-combat-rations. jpg http: //www. lonesentry. com/articles/japaneserations/japanese-army-rations. jpg http: //www. lonesentry. com/articles/japaneserations/japanese-military-rations. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 58

AMERICAN MILITARY RATION Please use this link to view the picture of K -Ration (Survival-ration) for field use http: //www. usarmymodels. com/ARTICLES/Ration s/KRat. Supper. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 59

MEALS AT THE HOME FRONT… Please use these links to view the pictures of meals at the home front. http: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/images/u 010000/u 0 11869. jpg http: //pic 50. picturetrail. com/VOL 437/658868/10754765/ 367572848. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 60

ALLIES FOOD EFFORT Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Allies food effort. http: //bhgsltd. co. uk/var/plain_site/storage/images/home /gallery/wartime_posters/dig_for_victory_now/1570 -1 eng-GB/dig_for_victory_now_large. jpg http: //www. stanfordfestival. com/drcp oster. jpg http: //4. bp. blogspot. com/_LL 7 ZWp. U 1 a. RQ/S 9 y. ALZDws c. I/AAAAABI/HYzd 5 Wrp. L 0 s/s 1600/Food+is+a+W eapon. gif Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 61

C/P ALASKA OCEAN Please use these links to view the pictures of the C/P Alaska Ocean(7, 419 t) – catcher and processor of fish – nearly 40% of commercial caught fish in the USA http: //amhistory. si. edu/onthewater/assets/object/full/2009 -2229. jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society 62