SAFFLOWER OILSEEDS DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATION FARMERS

SAFFLOWER OILSEEDS DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION & FARMERS’ WELFARE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS’ WELFARE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA KRISHI BHAWAN, NEW DELHI www. nmoop. gov. in

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Family : Asteraceae Common Name : Kusum Scientific Name: Carthamus tinctorius L. Origin: Area bounded by Eastern Mediterranean and Persian Gulf, encompassing southern parts of former USSR, western Iran, Iraq, Syria, Southern Turkey, Jordan and Israel

SEASON AND CLIMATE Ø Safflower is more or less a day-neutral plant but is thermo sensitive Ø Crop is tolerant to low temperature at seedling and vegetative stages Ø Safflower comes up better in relatively drier areas Ø Frequent and prolonged rains and heavy dew at flowering stage adversely affect pollination and seed development Ø Optimum temperature for flowering is between 24 C and 32°C, however, adequate soil moisture reduces the adverse effect of high temperature Ø High temperature also tends to decrease seed weight

CROP DESCRIPTION • Plant is highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like • Plant height varies from 30 -150 cm • Leaves are spiny or non-spiny • Inflorescence is broad, flat or slightly curved and densely bristled • It is a cross pollinated crop

GLOBAL SCENARIO Ø Safflower is cultivated in more than 20 countries on an average area of 9. 55 lakh ha with a production of 8. 09 lakh tonne and productivity of 846 kg/ha (2012 -13 to 2014 -15) Ø India has the larger coverage but lower yield among the major safflower producing countries

AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN MAJOR GROWING COUNTRIES Sr. No Country 1 Kazakhasthan 2 (A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in MT; Y-Yield in kg/ha) 2012 -13 2013 -14 2014 -15 A P Y 2. 44 1. 27 522 2. 76 1. 75 633 3. 1 1. 96 632 India 1. 78 1. 45 815 1. 09 727 1. 4 1. 13 807 3 Mexico 1. 73 2. 58 1489 0. 81 0. 92 1140 1. 15 1. 44 1260 4 Argentina 1. 62 1. 08 671 0. 88 0. 5 569 0. 95 0. 66 5 USA 0. 65 0. 79 1218 0. 69 0. 95 1381 0. 69 0. 95 1373 World 9. 65 8. 42 873 8. 90 7. 18 807 10. 10 8. 68 Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad 699 859

AVERAGE AREA (LAKH HA), OF MAJOR SAFFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012 -15) 0. 68 1. 15 2. 77 Kazakhasthan India Mexico Argentina 1. 23 USA 1. 56

AVERAGE PRODUCTION (LAKH MT) OF MAJOR SAFFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012 -15) 0. 79 1. 27 Kazhakstan 1. 08 India 1. 45 Mexico Argentina USA 2. 58

NATIONAL SCENARIO Ø Maharashtra and Karnataka are major safflower growing States, which contribute more than 90% of India’s production Ø An area of 1. 44 lakh ha was covered under safflower during 2015 -16 as against average area of 2. 79 lakh ha during 11 th Plan

AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN INDIA (AVERAGE 2013 -16) (A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in lakh MT; Y-Yield in Ql/ha) Sr. No. State A P Y 1 Andhra Pradesh 0. 04 8. 75 2 Karnataka 0. 40 0. 34 7. 83 3 Madhya Pradesh 0. 20 21. 00 5. 75 4 Maharashtra 0. 87 0. 37 3. 75 5 Telangana 0. 03 0. 02 4. 17 All India 1. 44 * Fourth Advance Estimates (2015 -16) 0. 89 5. 33 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, New Delhi.

AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN INDIA (2013 -16) 7 6 2013 -14 5 4 2014 -15 3 2 1 2015 -16 0 Area (lakh ha) Production (lakh MT) Yield (ql/ha)

STATE WISE AVERAGE AREA (2013 -14 TO 2015 -16) UNDER SAFFLOWER IN LAKH HA 0. 04 0. 05 Andhra Pradesh 0. 43 Karnataka Madhya Pradesh 1. 02 0. 20 Maharashtra Telanagana

STATEWISE AVERAGE PRODUCTION (2013 -14 TO 2015 -16) OF SAFFLOWER IN MT 0. 03 Andhra Pradesh 0. 04 Karnataka 0. 34 0. 37 Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra 0. 21 Telangana

STATE WISE AVERAGE YIELD (2013 -14 TO 2015 -16) OF SAFFLOWER IN KG/HA 625 875 Andhra Pradesh Karnataka 375 Madhya Pradesh 575 783 Maharashtra Telangana

POTENTIAL DISTRICTS OF SAFFLOWER Sr. No. State / District A (A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in MT; Y-Yield in kg/ha) 2011 -12 2012 -13 2013 -14 P Y A P Y Karnataka 1 Belgaun 0. 06 0. 03 451 0. 05 0. 02 337 0. 02 0. 01 594 2 Bidar 0. 09 0. 12 1300 0. 11 1027 0. 12 1072 3 Dharwad 0. 15 0. 07 502 0. 11 0. 04 355 0. 08 0. 05 590 4 Gulbarga 0. 06 0. 04 709 0. 05 983 0. 05 0. 06 1209 Maharashtra 1 Hingoli 0. 26 0. 15 583 0. 22 0. 14 624 0. 22 0. 16 737 2 Osmanabad 0. 28 0. 17 604 0. 26 0. 13 510 0. 25 0. 08 325 3 Parbhani 0. 39 0. 16 404 0. 37 0. 21 576 0. 19 0. 11 542 Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad

YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs State Yield kg/ha SAY Yield gap % FLD Rabi 2013 -14 (Irrigated) Maharashtra 570 1307 129 Rabi-2013 -14 (Rainfed) Karnataka 791 1119 41 Madhya Pradesh 500 929 86 Maharashtra 570 988 73 Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstrations on Oilseeds, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad

POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SAFFLOWER Sr. No. State District Avg area 2011 -14 (000 ha) 1 Andhra Pradesh Medak 5. 50 Nizamabad 2. 00 Ranga Reddy 1. 50 2 Karnataka Belgaon 4. 33 Bidar 10. 67 Dharwad 11. 33 Gulbarga 5. 33 3 Maharasthra Hingoli 23. 33 Osmanabad 26. 33 Parbhani 31. 67 Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad

PACKAGE AND PRACTICES Soils: Ø Requires fairly deep, moisture retaining and well drained soil Ø Safflower is fairly tolerant to saline conditions Sowing Time: Ø Sowing time varies from State to State Ø Optimum time of sowing is from second week of September to second week of November Ø In the State of Karnataka the best time of sowing is second week of September for rainfed and mid September to early November for irrigated areas

PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Seed rate: Ø 10 -15 kg/ha is the normal seed rate Ø In Chhattisgarh, 10 -15 kg/ha seed rate and in Odisha 20 kg/ha seed rate is adopted in rice fallow areas Spacing: Ø Normal spacing in safflower is 45 x 20 cm Ø In Karnataka, 60 x 30 cm spacing is adopted Ø 45 x 20 cm spacing in Chhattisgarh and 30 x 15 cm spacing in Odisha is adopted in rice fallow

PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Seed treatment: Ø For better germination and plant growth, seed treatment with Thiram, Captan or Carbendizim @ 3 g/kg is recommended Fertilizer Application Ø Fertilizer application varies from State to State and as per soil test Ø 5 -10 t/ha FYM is recommended Ø 40 kg/ha N and 25 -30 kg/ha P 2 O 5 is general recommendation Ø Under irrigated conditions 60 kg/ha N and 40 -50 kg/ha P 2 O 5 is recommended Ø 20 -30 kg/ha K 2 O is recommended in Potash deficit States of Karnataka UP, MP & Chhattisgarh

PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Plant protection measures Insect / disease leaf spot Rust Wilt Integrated disease management Timely sowing, avoiding continuous growing of safflower in the same field and avoiding growing of safflower in low-lying areas and flooding under irrigation checks infestation of leaf spot disease. Spray of Mancozeb (0. 25%) controls leaf spot disease To control rust, timely sowing, avoiding growing of safflower in low-lying areas and flooding irrigation and avoiding continuous growing of safflower in the same field checks spread of rust. Remove and destroy the diseased plants to control rust. Growing wilt resistant hybrid like MRSA-521, timely sowing, avoiding growing in low-lying areas and flooding under irrigation and avoiding continuous growing of safflower checks wilt disease. Also remove and destroy the diseased plants.

PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Harvesting and threshing Ø Crop becomes ready for harvest when the leaves and most of the bracteoles become dry and brown. Ø Use of hand gloves to protect legs and hands against spines Ø Multi crop thresher and combine harvester for harvesting and threshing are efficient machines Irrigation and water management Ø In dry land areas under scanty moisture conditions, yield can be boosted from 40% to 60% by providing one life saving irrigation (5 to 8 cm) at critical phases of crop growth (early stem elongation or flowering) or before soil moisture becomes limiting factor for crop growth

SATEWISE CROPPING SYSTEMS State Transitional tract of Karnataka (Dharwad, Belgaum and adjoining areas) Suggested crop sequence Green gram – safflower, Soybean – safflower, Groundnut – safflower Scanty rainfall areas of Karnataka Hybrid sorghum – safflower (Medium deep black soils of Bijapur & Green gram-safflower western parts of Bellary) Northern Telangana of Andhra Pradesh (parts of Ranga Reddy and Mahboobnagar district, Adilabad, Medak and Nizamabad) Green gram – safflower, Maize-safflower, Hybrid sorghum – safflower, Sesame – safflower Assured moisture areas of Green gram – safflower, Maharashtra (Khandesh tract, parts of Black gram – safflower, Marathwada and Vidarbha) Hybrid sorghum – safflower, Groundnut – safflower, Sesame – safflower, Sunflower – safflower

VARIETIES AND SEED SCENARIO Year of Releasing Yield Oil Recommended Salient features/ traits release centre potential content states /regions / (kg/ha) (%) situations Non spiny hybrid, NARI-NH-1 2002 1936 31 All India moderately resistant Phaltan to Cercospora leaf (PH-6) spot, wilt; tolerant to Alternaria and aphids NARI, All India NARI-H-15 2005 2200 29 Phaltan Resistant to wilt; MAHYCO, 1000 -1500 All India MRSA-521 2006 27 tolerant to Alternaria Jalna (R) and aphids Hybrid 2200 -2500 (I) NARI-H-23 2013 NARI, Phaltan R= Rainfed; I= Irrigated Maharashtra, Suited for Irrigated Karnataka, MP, and assured rainfall Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, WB

EXPORT AND MSP Export Year MSP Qty. (000 tonnes) Value (Rs. in crore) (Rs. per kg) 2013 -14 0. 95 3. 98 30. 00 2014 -15 0. 68 2. 53 30. 50 2015 -16 1. 12 4. 03 33. 00 Source: Trade Division, DAC&FW, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare

NUTRITIVE VALUE Ø Safflower oil is sold as Saffola, which is considered to be most preferred oil due to rich poly-unsaturated fatty acids content (73 -79% of lenolenic) Ø Saffola helps in reducing the blood cholesterol level

RESEARCHABLE ISSUES Ø Development of CMS based hybrids and varieties with high oil content (35% to 38%) Ø Evolve early maturing and non-spiny varieties for paddy fallow areas Ø Develop integrated insect pest and disease management modules

ISSUES / ACTIONABLE POINTS Ø Area under Safflower is declining which needs to be promoted particularly in States like AP and MP which has higher productivity than national average which needs attention by concerned States Ø Promoting HYV suitable for low productivity States Ø Promoting export to developing countries for its health benefits Ø Developing production technology and evolving early maturing & non-spiny varieties by ICAR / SAUs Ø Development of IPM modules by ICAR / SAUs Ø Covering linseed under MSP and assured procurement Ø Popularizing less than 10 year old varieties for adoption by farmers by the States

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